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Dava Newman: Space Exploration, Space Suits, and Life on Mars | Lex Fridman Podcast #51


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The following is a conversation with David Newman.
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She's the Apollo program professor at MIT
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and the former deputy administrator of NASA
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and has been a principal investigator
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on four space flight missions.
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Her research interests are in aerospace,
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biomedical engineering, investigating human performance
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in varying gravity environments.
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She has designed and engineered and built
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some incredible space suit technology,
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namely the biosuit that we talk about in this conversation.
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Due to some scheduling challenges on both our parts,
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we only had about 40 minutes together.
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And in true engineering style, she said,
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I talk fast, you pick the best questions, let's get it done.
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And we did.
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It was a fascinating conversation about space exploration
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and the future of space suits.
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And now here's my conversation with Deva Newman.
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You circumnavigated the globe on boat.
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So let's look back in history.
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500 years ago, Ferdinand Magellan's crew
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was first to circumnavigate the globe,
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but he died.
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I think people don't know, like halfway through,
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and so did 242 of the 260 sailors
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that took that three year journey.
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What do you think it was like for that crew
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at that time heading out into the unknown
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to face probably likely death?
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Do you think they were filled with fear, with excitement?
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Probably not fear.
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I think in all of exploration,
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the challenge and the unknown, so probably wonderment.
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And then just when you really are sailing the world's oceans,
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you have extreme weather of all kinds.
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When we were circumnavigating, it was challenging,
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new dynamic, you really appreciate Mother Earth,
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you appreciate the winds and the waves.
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So back to Magellan and his crew,
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since they really didn't have a three dimensional map
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of the globe, of the Earth when they went out,
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just probably looking over the horizon thinking,
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what's there, what's there?
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So I would say the challenge had to be really important
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in terms of the team dynamics on that leadership,
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had to be incredibly important.
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Team dynamics, how do you keep people focused on the mission?
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So you think the psychology, that's interesting,
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that's probably echoes of that
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in the space exploration stuff we'll talk about.
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So the psychology of the dynamics
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between the human beings on the mission is important?
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Absolutely.
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For Amaris mission, there's lots of challenges, technology,
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but since I specialize in keeping my astronauts alive,
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the psychosocial issues,
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the psychology of a psychosocial team dynamics leadership,
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that's world people.
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So that's gonna be, that's always a huge impact.
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One of the top three, I think of any isolated,
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confined environment and any mission
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that is really pretty extreme.
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So your Twitter handle is DavidExplorer.
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So when did you first fall in love
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with the idea of exploration?
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Ah, that's a great question.
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Maybe as long as I can remember,
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as I grew up in Montana in the Rocky Mountains
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in Helena in the capital.
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And so literally in Mount Helena,
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it was my backyard was right up there.
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So exploring, being in the mountains, looking at caves,
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just running around, but always being in nature.
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So since my earliest memories,
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I think of myself as kind of exploring
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the natural beauty of the Rocky Mountains where I grew up.
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So exploration is not limited to any domain,
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it's just anything.
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So the natural domain of any kind,
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all going out to the woods into the place you haven't been.
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It's all exploration.
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I think so.
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Yeah, I have a pretty all encompassing
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definition of exploration.
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So what about space exploration?
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When were you first captivated by the idea
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that we little humans could venture out into the space,
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into the great unknown of space?
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So it's a great year to talk about that.
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The 50th anniversary of Apollo 11,
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as I was alive during Apollo
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and specifically Apollo 11, I was five years old
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and I distinctly remember that.
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I remember that humanity.
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I'm sure I probably didn't know their names at the time.
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There's Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin
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and never forget Michael Collins in orbit.
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Those three men doing something that just seemed impossible.
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Seemed impossible a decade earlier, even a year earlier,
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but the Apollo program really inspired me.
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And then I think it actually just taught me to dream,
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to any impossible mission could be possible
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with enough focus.
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Yeah, I'm sure you need some luck,
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but you definitely need the leadership,
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you need the focus of the mission.
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So since an early age, I thought,
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of course people should be interplanetary.
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Of course people, we need people on earth
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and we're gonna have people exploring space as well.
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So that seemed obvious, even at that age, of course.
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It opened it up.
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Before we saw a man on the moon,
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it wasn't obvious to me at all,
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but once we understood that, yes, absolutely,
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astronauts, that's what they do.
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They explore, they go into space
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and they land on other planets or moons.
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So again, maybe a romanticized philosophical question,
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but when you look up at the stars,
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knowing that there's at least 100 billion of them
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in the Milky Way galaxy, right?
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So we're really a small speck in this giant thing
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that's the visible universe.
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How does that make you feel about our efforts here?
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I love the perspective.
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I love that perspective.
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I always open my public talks
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with the big Hubble Space Telescope.
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I mentioned looking out until you'd mentioned
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just now the solar system in the Milky Way,
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because I really think it's really important
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to know that we're just a small pale blue dot.
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We're really fortunate.
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We're on the best planet by far.
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Life is fantastic here.
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That we know of.
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You're confident this is the best planet?
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I'm pretty sure it's the best planet,
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the best planet that we know of.
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I mean, I searched my research, as you know,
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in mission worlds and when will we find life?
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I think actually in probably the next decade,
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we find probably past life,
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probably the evidence of past life on Mars, let's say.
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You think there was once life on Mars,
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or do you think there's currently?
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I'm more comfortable saying probably 3.5 billion years ago.
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I feel pretty confident there was life on Mars
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just because then it had an electromagnetic shield.
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It had an atmosphere,
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has a wonderful gravity level,
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three HGs, fantastic.
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You know, you're all super human.
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We can all slam dunk a basketball.
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I mean, it's gonna be fun to play sports on Mars.
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But so I think we'll find past, no, fossilized,
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probably the evidence of past life on Mars.
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Currently, that's again, we need the next decade,
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but the evidence is mounting for sure.
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We do have the organics.
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We're finding organics.
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We have water, seasonal water on Mars.
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We used to just know about the ice caps,
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you know, north and south pole.
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Now we have seasonal water.
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We do have the building blocks for life on Mars.
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We really need to dig down into the soil
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because everything on the top surface is radiated.
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But once we find down, will we see any life forms?
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Will we see any bugs?
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I leave it open as a possibility,
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but I feel pretty certain that past life
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or fossilized life forms we'll find.
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And then we have to get to all these ocean worlds,
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these beautiful moons of other planets
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since we know they have water
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and we're looking for some simple search for life
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for follow the water, you know, carbon based life.
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That's the only life we know.
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There could be other life forms that we don't know about,
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but it was hard to search for them
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because we don't know.
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So in our search for life in the solar system,
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it's definitely, you know, search, you know,
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let's follow the water and look for the building blocks of life.
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So you think in the next decade,
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we might see hints of past life or even current life?
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I think so.
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That's a pretty optimistic.
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I love the optimism.
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I'm pretty optimistic.
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Do humans have to be involved
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or can this be robots and rovers and?
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Probably teams.
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I mean, we've been at it on Mars in particular, 50 years.
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We've been exploring Mars for 50 years.
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Great data, right?
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Our images of Mars today are phenomenal.
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Now we know how Mars lost its atmosphere.
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You know, we're starting to know
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because of the lack of the electromagnetic shield.
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We know about the water and Mars.
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So we've been studying 50 years with our robots.
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We still haven't found it.
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So I think once we have a human mission there,
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we just accelerate things.
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But it's always humans and our rovers and robots together.
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But we just have to think that 50 years,
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we've been looking at Mars and taking images
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and doing the best science that we can.
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People need to realize Mars is really far away.
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It's really hard to get to.
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You know, this is extreme, extreme exploration.
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We mentioned Magellan first
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where all of the wonderful explorers and sailors of the past,
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which kind of are lots of my inspiration for exploration.
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Mars is a different ball game.
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I mean, it's eight months to get there,
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year and a half to get home.
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I mean, it's really extreme.
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Harsh environment in all kinds of ways.
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But the kind of organism we might be able to see
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hints of on Mars are kind of microorganisms, perhaps.
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Yeah, I remember that humans, we're kind of,
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you know, we're hosts, right?
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We're hosts to all of our bacteria and viruses, right?
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Do you think it's a big leap from the viruses
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and the bacteria to us humans?
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Put another way, do you think on all those moons,
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beautiful, wet moons that you mentioned,
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you think there's intelligent life out there?
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I hope so. I mean, that's the hope.
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But, you know, we don't have the scientific evidence
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for that now.
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I think all the evidence we have in terms of life existing
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is much more compelling, again,
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because we have the building blocks of life.
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And now when that life turns into intelligence,
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that's a big unknown.
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If we ever meet, do you think we would be able
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to find a common language?
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I hope so. We haven't met yet.
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It's just so far.
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I mean, do physics display a role here?
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Look at all these exoplanets, 6,000 exoplanets.
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I mean, even the couple dozen Earthlike planets
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that are exoplanets that really look like habitable planets.
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These are very Earthlike.
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They look like they have all the building blocks.
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I can't wait to get there.
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The only thing is they're 10 to 100 light years away.
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So scientifically, we know they're there.
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We know that they're habitable.
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They have, you know, everything going from, right?
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Like, you know, we call them the Goldilocks Zone,
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not too hot, not too cold, just perfect
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for habitability for life.
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But now the reality is if they're 10 at the best,
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100 to thousands of light years away.
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So what's out there?
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But I just can't think that we're not the only ones.
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So absolutely life, life in the universe,
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probably intelligent life as well.
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Do you think there needs to be fundamental revolutions
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in how we, the tools we use to travel through space
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in order for us to venture outside of our solar system?
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Or do you think the ways, the rockets,
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the ideas we have now, the engineering ideas we have now
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will be enough to venture out?
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Well, that's a good question.
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Right now, you know, because getting speed of light
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is a limit.
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We don't have a warp speed warp drive
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to explore our solar system, to get to Mars,
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to explore all the planets.
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Then we need a technology push,
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but technology push here is just advanced propulsion.
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It'd be great if I could get humans to Mars
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and say, you know, three to four months, not eight months.
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I mean, have the time, 50% reduction.
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That's great in terms of safety and wellness
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of the crew and orbital mechanics.
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But physics rules, you know, orbital mechanics
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is still there, physics rules.
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We can't defy physics.
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I love that.
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00:13:15.120
So invent a new physics.
link |
00:13:16.240
I mean, look at quantum, you know, look at quantum theory.
link |
00:13:18.280
So, you never know.
link |
00:13:19.120
Exactly.
link |
00:13:19.960
I mean, we are always learning.
link |
00:13:21.320
So we definitely don't know all the physics that exist too,
link |
00:13:23.960
but we're, we still have to, it's not science fiction.
link |
00:13:27.040
You know, we still have to pay attention to physics
link |
00:13:29.240
in terms of our speed of travel for our space flight.
link |
00:13:32.440
So you were the deputy administrator of NASA
link |
00:13:34.960
and during the Obama administration,
link |
00:13:37.280
there's a current Artemis program
link |
00:13:39.600
that's working on a crewed mission to the moon
link |
00:13:41.360
and then perhaps to Mars.
link |
00:13:44.560
What are you excited about there?
link |
00:13:46.560
What are your thoughts on this program?
link |
00:13:48.160
What are the biggest challenges do you think of
link |
00:13:50.520
getting to the moon of landing to the moon once again
link |
00:13:53.680
and then the big step to Mars?
link |
00:13:57.440
Well, I love, you know, the moon program now, Artemis.
link |
00:14:00.240
We, it is definitely, we've been in low Earth orbit.
link |
00:14:02.560
I love low Earth orbit too,
link |
00:14:03.640
but I just always look at it as three phases.
link |
00:14:05.920
So low Earth orbit where we've been 40 years.
link |
00:14:08.000
So definitely time to get back to deep space,
link |
00:14:10.120
time to get to the moon.
link |
00:14:11.040
There's so much to do on the moon.
link |
00:14:13.720
I hope we don't get stuck on the moon for 50 years.
link |
00:14:16.120
I really want to get to the moon,
link |
00:14:17.240
spend the next decade first with the lander,
link |
00:14:19.880
then humans, there's just a lot to explore.
link |
00:14:21.960
But to me, it's a big technology push.
link |
00:14:24.440
It's only three days away.
link |
00:14:25.360
So the moon is definitely the right place.
link |
00:14:27.680
So we kind of buy down our technology.
link |
00:14:29.600
We invest in specifically habitats, life support systems.
link |
00:14:33.840
So we need suits.
link |
00:14:34.720
We really need to understand really how to live off planet.
link |
00:14:37.800
We've been off planet and low Earth orbit,
link |
00:14:39.480
but still that's only, you know, 400 kilometers up,
link |
00:14:41.960
250 miles, right?
link |
00:14:42.800
So we get to the moon.
link |
00:14:43.840
It really is a great proving ground for the technologies.
link |
00:14:47.320
And now we're in deep space.
link |
00:14:48.440
Radiation becomes a huge issue again
link |
00:14:51.000
to keep our astronauts well alive.
link |
00:14:52.360
And I look at all of that investment for moon,
link |
00:14:55.840
moon exploration to the ultimate goal,
link |
00:14:59.160
you know, the horizon goals we call it
link |
00:15:00.640
to get people to Mars.
link |
00:15:01.840
But we just don't go to Mars tomorrow, right?
link |
00:15:03.680
We really need a decade on the moon, I think,
link |
00:15:05.720
investing in the technologies, learning,
link |
00:15:07.640
making sure the astronauts are their health,
link |
00:15:09.760
you know, they're safe and well.
link |
00:15:11.560
And also learning so much about in situ research,
link |
00:15:15.240
utilization ISRU, you know,
link |
00:15:16.920
in situ resource utilization is huge
link |
00:15:19.080
when it comes to exploration for the moon and Mars.
link |
00:15:21.160
So we need a test bed.
link |
00:15:23.160
And to me, it really is a lunar test bed.
link |
00:15:26.880
And then we use those same investments
link |
00:15:29.320
to think about getting people to Mars in the 2030s.
link |
00:15:32.520
So developing sort of a platform
link |
00:15:34.040
of all the kind of research tools of all the,
link |
00:15:36.200
what's the resource, can you speak to that?
link |
00:15:39.040
Yeah, so ISRU for the moon, it's,
link |
00:15:42.000
we'll go to the South Pole and it's fascinating.
link |
00:15:45.200
We have images of it.
link |
00:15:46.720
Of course, we know there's permanently shaded areas
link |
00:15:49.040
and like by Shackleton crater,
link |
00:15:50.880
and there's areas that are permanently in the sun.
link |
00:15:53.320
Well, it seems that there's a lot of water ice,
link |
00:15:56.200
you know, water that's trapped in ice and the lunar craters.
link |
00:16:00.000
That's the first place you go, why?
link |
00:16:01.640
Because it's water and when you want to try to,
link |
00:16:03.840
it could be fuel, you know, life support systems.
link |
00:16:06.160
So you kind of, you get in, you go where the water is.
link |
00:16:08.800
And so when the moon is kind of for resources utilization,
link |
00:16:12.680
but to learn how to, can we make the fuels
link |
00:16:15.080
out of the resources that are on the moon?
link |
00:16:16.920
We have to think about 3D printing, right?
link |
00:16:18.240
You don't get to bring all this mass with you.
link |
00:16:20.120
You have to learn how to literally live off the land.
link |
00:16:22.800
We need a pressure shell,
link |
00:16:24.240
we need to have an atmosphere for people to live in.
link |
00:16:28.320
So all of that is kind of buying down the technology,
link |
00:16:31.040
doing the investigation, doing the science,
link |
00:16:32.960
what are the basically the lunar volatiles?
link |
00:16:35.360
You know, what is that ice on the moon?
link |
00:16:38.120
How much of it is there?
link |
00:16:39.880
How, what are the resources look like?
link |
00:16:42.120
To me, that helps us, that's just the next step
link |
00:16:44.320
in getting humans to Mars.
link |
00:16:46.480
You know, it's cheaper and more effective
link |
00:16:47.800
to sort of develop some of these difficult challenges,
link |
00:16:50.160
like solve some of these challenges,
link |
00:16:51.640
practice, develop, test, and so on on the moon.
link |
00:16:53.960
Absolutely. There's on Mars.
link |
00:16:55.000
Absolutely. And people are going to love to,
link |
00:16:56.400
you know, you get to the moon, you get to,
link |
00:16:57.480
you have a beautiful earth rise.
link |
00:16:58.880
I mean, you have the most magnificent view of earth
link |
00:17:01.160
being off planet.
link |
00:17:02.520
So it just makes sense.
link |
00:17:03.520
I think we're going to have thousands, lots of people,
link |
00:17:05.320
hopefully tens of thousands in low earth orbit,
link |
00:17:06.840
because low earth orbit is a beautiful place to go
link |
00:17:08.960
and look down on the earth,
link |
00:17:09.800
but people want to return home.
link |
00:17:11.080
I think the lunar explorers will also want to do
link |
00:17:14.000
round trips and, you know, be on the moon,
link |
00:17:16.760
three day trip, explore, do science,
link |
00:17:18.840
also because the lunar day is, you know,
link |
00:17:21.000
14 days and lunar nights, also 14 days.
link |
00:17:23.560
So in that 28 day cycle, you know, half of it is in light,
link |
00:17:27.200
half of it's in dark.
link |
00:17:29.240
So people would probably want to do, you know,
link |
00:17:31.800
couple of week trips, month long trips,
link |
00:17:33.720
not longer than that.
link |
00:17:34.720
What do you mean by people?
link |
00:17:36.080
What do you mean? People, explorers.
link |
00:17:37.400
I mean, yeah, astronauts are going to be civilians
link |
00:17:40.960
in the future too.
link |
00:17:41.800
Not all astronauts are going to be government,
link |
00:17:43.880
astronauts actually when I was at NASA,
link |
00:17:45.200
we changed, we actually got the law changed
link |
00:17:46.760
to recognize astronauts that are not only government employees,
link |
00:17:50.360
you know, NASA astronauts or European space agency,
link |
00:17:52.400
astronauts or Russian space agency that astronauts,
link |
00:17:54.960
because of the big push we put in the private sector,
link |
00:17:58.320
that astronauts essentially, you're going to be astronauts
link |
00:17:59.920
to get over a hundred kilometers up
link |
00:18:02.800
and think once you've done orbital flight,
link |
00:18:06.520
then you're an astronaut.
link |
00:18:07.600
So a lot of private citizens are going to become astronauts.
link |
00:18:10.400
Do you think one day you might step foot on the moon?
link |
00:18:13.360
I think it'd be good to go to the moon.
link |
00:18:14.520
I'd give that a shot.
link |
00:18:16.200
Mars, I'm going to, that's my life's work
link |
00:18:18.080
to get the next generation to Mars.
link |
00:18:20.280
That's you or even younger than you, you know,
link |
00:18:23.160
my students generation will be the Martian explorers.
link |
00:18:26.640
I'm just working to facilitate that,
link |
00:18:28.880
but that's not going to be me.
link |
00:18:30.200
Hey, the moon's pretty good.
link |
00:18:31.160
And it's a lot tough.
link |
00:18:32.840
I mean, it's still a really tough mission.
link |
00:18:35.800
It's an extreme mission.
link |
00:18:36.920
Exactly, it's great for exploration, but doable.
link |
00:18:39.920
But again, before Apollo,
link |
00:18:41.160
we didn't think getting humans to the moon was even possible.
link |
00:18:44.000
So we kind of made that possible, but we need to go back.
link |
00:18:46.480
We absolutely need to go back.
link |
00:18:47.960
We're investing in the heavy lift launch capabilities
link |
00:18:50.400
that we need to get there.
link |
00:18:51.240
We haven't had that since the Apollo days,
link |
00:18:52.920
since Saturn 5.
link |
00:18:53.960
So now we have three options on the board.
link |
00:18:56.480
That's what's so fantastic.
link |
00:18:57.480
NASA has its space launch system.
link |
00:18:59.760
SpaceX is going to have its heavy capability.
link |
00:19:02.720
And Blue Origin is coming along too with heavy lifts.
link |
00:19:05.320
So that's pretty fantastic from where I sit.
link |
00:19:07.840
I'm the Apollo program professor.
link |
00:19:09.880
Today I have zero heavy lift launch capability.
link |
00:19:12.040
I can't wait just in a few years,
link |
00:19:13.640
we'll have three different heavy lift launch capabilities.
link |
00:19:16.000
So that's pretty exciting.
link |
00:19:18.080
You know, your heart is perhaps with NASA.
link |
00:19:20.560
But you mentioned SpaceX and Blue Origin.
link |
00:19:23.480
What are your thoughts of SpaceX
link |
00:19:26.880
and the innovative efforts there
link |
00:19:28.680
from the sort of private company aspect?
link |
00:19:31.320
Oh, they're great.
link |
00:19:32.160
They remind, remember that the investments in SpaceX
link |
00:19:35.320
is government funding.
link |
00:19:36.400
It's NASA funding, it's US Air Force funding.
link |
00:19:39.200
Just as it should be,
link |
00:19:40.440
because you're betting on a company who is moving fast,
link |
00:19:44.120
has some new technology development.
link |
00:19:46.320
So I love it.
link |
00:19:47.160
So when I was at NASA,
link |
00:19:48.000
it really was under our public private partnerships.
link |
00:19:50.280
So necessarily the government needs to fund these startups.
link |
00:19:54.480
Now SpaceX is no longer a startup,
link |
00:19:56.200
but it's been at it for 10 years.
link |
00:19:58.200
It's had some accidents, learned a lot of lessons,
link |
00:20:00.600
but it's great because it's the way you move faster.
link |
00:20:03.760
And also some private industry folks,
link |
00:20:06.200
some private businesses will take a lot more risk.
link |
00:20:08.720
That's also really important for the government.
link |
00:20:11.360
What do you think about that culture of risk?
link |
00:20:12.960
I mean, sort of NASA and the government
link |
00:20:15.320
are exceptionally good at delivering sort of safe.
link |
00:20:18.160
Like there's a little bit more of a culture of caution
link |
00:20:20.960
and safety and sort of this kind of solid engineering.
link |
00:20:23.400
And I think SpaceX as well has the same kind of stuff.
link |
00:20:26.080
It has a little bit more of that startup feel
link |
00:20:28.120
where they take the bigger risks.
link |
00:20:29.840
Is that exciting for you to see,
link |
00:20:31.680
seeing bigger risks in this kind of space?
link |
00:20:33.800
Absolutely.
link |
00:20:34.960
And the best scenario is both of working together.
link |
00:20:38.520
Because there's really important lessons learned,
link |
00:20:40.120
especially when you talk about human space flight,
link |
00:20:41.880
safety, quality assurance,
link |
00:20:43.760
these things are the utmost importance,
link |
00:20:46.000
both aviation and space, when human lives are at stake.
link |
00:20:49.240
On the other hand, government agencies,
link |
00:20:51.800
NASA can be European space agency, you name it.
link |
00:20:53.840
They become very bureaucratic, pretty risk averse,
link |
00:20:56.800
move pretty slowly.
link |
00:20:58.120
So I think the best is when you combine the partnerships
link |
00:21:01.400
from both sides, industry necessarily has to push
link |
00:21:04.880
the government, take some more risks.
link |
00:21:06.240
Like they're smart risk or actually gave an award at NASA
link |
00:21:08.840
for failing smart.
link |
00:21:11.040
Failing smart.
link |
00:21:11.880
I love that.
link |
00:21:12.720
So you can kind of break open the culture, say,
link |
00:21:14.160
no, look, Apollo, that was a huge risk.
link |
00:21:16.400
It was done well.
link |
00:21:17.680
So there's always a culture of safety, quality assurance,
link |
00:21:20.760
engineering, at its best.
link |
00:21:23.360
But on the other hand, you want to get things done.
link |
00:21:26.120
And you have to also get them,
link |
00:21:27.600
you have to bring the cost down for when it comes to launch,
link |
00:21:30.000
we really have to bring the cost down
link |
00:21:31.080
and get the frequency up.
link |
00:21:32.360
And so that's what the newcomers are doing.
link |
00:21:34.160
They're really pushing that.
link |
00:21:35.560
So it's about the most exciting time
link |
00:21:37.880
that I can imagine for spaceflight.
link |
00:21:39.760
Again, a little bit, it really is the democratization
link |
00:21:41.840
of spaceflight, opening it up,
link |
00:21:43.360
not just because the launch capability,
link |
00:21:45.240
but the science we can do on a CubeSat.
link |
00:21:47.600
What you can do now for very,
link |
00:21:49.600
those used to be student projects
link |
00:21:51.960
that we would go through, conceive, design, implement,
link |
00:21:54.120
and think about what a small satellite would be.
link |
00:21:56.400
Now they're the most, these are really advanced instruments,
link |
00:21:59.840
science instruments that are flying on little teeny CubeSats
link |
00:22:02.560
that pretty much anyone can afford.
link |
00:22:04.640
So there's not a, there's every nation,
link |
00:22:07.280
every place in the world can fly a CubeSat.
link |
00:22:10.360
And so that's...
link |
00:22:11.200
What's a CubeSat?
link |
00:22:12.040
Oh, CubeSat is a, this is called 1U.
link |
00:22:15.160
CubeSats we measure in terms of units.
link |
00:22:17.040
So, just in terms of, I put both my hands together,
link |
00:22:20.040
that's one unit, two unit streets.
link |
00:22:21.600
So little small satellites.
link |
00:22:22.760
So CubeSats are for small satellites.
link |
00:22:25.520
And we actually go by mass as well.
link |
00:22:27.160
Small satellite might be 100 kilos, 200 kilos,
link |
00:22:30.280
all well under 1,000 kilos.
link |
00:22:32.440
CubeSats then are the next thing down from small satellites.
link |
00:22:35.080
You know, basically, you know,
link |
00:22:37.360
kilos, tens of kilos, things like that.
link |
00:22:39.520
But kind of the building blocks,
link |
00:22:41.240
CubeSats are fantastic design,
link |
00:22:42.600
it's kind of modular design.
link |
00:22:44.120
So I can take a 1U, one unit of CubeSat.
link |
00:22:46.920
And, you know, but what if I have a little bit more money
link |
00:22:49.840
and payload, I can fly three of them
link |
00:22:51.560
and just basically put a lot more instruments on it.
link |
00:22:54.120
But essentially think about something the size
link |
00:22:55.920
of a shoebox, if you will.
link |
00:22:57.760
You know, that would be a CubeSat.
link |
00:22:59.600
And those, how do those help empower you
link |
00:23:01.960
in terms of doing size, in terms of doing experiments?
link |
00:23:04.080
Oh, right now there's, again,
link |
00:23:05.760
back to private industry,
link |
00:23:06.680
Planet, the company is, you know, flying CubeSats
link |
00:23:08.960
and literally looking down on Earth
link |
00:23:10.960
and orbiting Earth, taking a picture, if you will,
link |
00:23:13.680
of Earth every day, every 24 hours covering the entire Earth.
link |
00:23:16.640
So in terms of Earth observations,
link |
00:23:19.240
in terms of climate change,
link |
00:23:20.360
in terms of our changing Earth,
link |
00:23:22.240
it's revolutionizing because they're affordable.
link |
00:23:25.000
We can put a whole bunch of them up.
link |
00:23:26.400
The telecoms, we're all, you know, on our cell phones
link |
00:23:28.680
and we have GPS, we have our telecoms.
link |
00:23:30.800
But those used to be very expensive satellites
link |
00:23:33.840
providing that service.
link |
00:23:35.000
Now we can fly a whole bunch of modular CubeSats.
link |
00:23:38.600
So it really is breakthrough in terms of modularity
link |
00:23:42.480
as well as cost reduction.
link |
00:23:44.320
So that's one exciting set of developments.
link |
00:23:47.400
Is there something else that you've been excited about
link |
00:23:51.080
and like reusable rockets, perhaps,
link |
00:23:52.640
that you've seen in the last few years?
link |
00:23:54.120
Yeah, well, the reusability,
link |
00:23:55.240
you had other reusability is awesome.
link |
00:23:57.560
I mean, it's just the best.
link |
00:23:59.240
Now we have to remember,
link |
00:24:00.080
the shuttle was a reusable vehicle.
link |
00:24:01.640
Yes.
link |
00:24:02.480
And the shuttle is an amazing, it's narrow space engineer.
link |
00:24:05.560
You know, I mean, the shuttle is still
link |
00:24:06.520
this the most gorgeous, elegant,
link |
00:24:09.240
extraordinary design of a space vehicle.
link |
00:24:12.440
It was reusable.
link |
00:24:13.640
It just wasn't affordable.
link |
00:24:15.360
But the reusability of it was really critical
link |
00:24:18.120
because we flew it up, it did come back.
link |
00:24:19.680
So the notion of reusability,
link |
00:24:22.120
I think absolutely now what we're doing with,
link |
00:24:25.760
we, you know, the global we, but with SpaceX,
link |
00:24:27.880
the board said, and the rockets have recovering
link |
00:24:30.600
the first stages where if they can regain 70% cost savings,
link |
00:24:34.400
that's huge.
link |
00:24:35.360
And just seeing the control, you know,
link |
00:24:37.960
the control and dynamics personas,
link |
00:24:39.960
just seeing that rocket come back and land.
link |
00:24:41.680
Oh yeah, that's.
link |
00:24:42.600
It never gets old.
link |
00:24:43.440
It's exciting every single time you look at it
link |
00:24:45.600
and say, that's magic.
link |
00:24:46.720
So it's so cool.
link |
00:24:48.120
To me, the landing is when I stand up
link |
00:24:49.480
and start clapping, just the control.
link |
00:24:51.320
Yeah, just the algorithms, just the control algorithms
link |
00:24:53.800
and hitting that landing.
link |
00:24:54.800
It's, you know, it's gymnastics for rocket ships.
link |
00:24:58.320
But to see these guys stick a landing,
link |
00:25:01.080
it's just wonderful.
link |
00:25:01.920
So every time, like I said, every time I see the reusability
link |
00:25:06.280
and the rockets coming back and landing so precisely,
link |
00:25:08.760
it's really exciting.
link |
00:25:09.800
So it is actually, that's a game changer.
link |
00:25:12.320
We are in a new era of lower costs
link |
00:25:15.120
and the higher frequency.
link |
00:25:17.520
And it's the world, not just NASA.
link |
00:25:19.200
It's many nations are really upping their frequency
link |
00:25:22.440
of launches.
link |
00:25:23.880
You've done a lot of exciting research, design,
link |
00:25:26.120
engineering on spacesuits.
link |
00:25:28.960
What is the spacesuit of the future look like?
link |
00:25:33.120
Well, if I have anything to say about it,
link |
00:25:34.520
it'll be a very tight fitting suit.
link |
00:25:37.280
We use mechanical counter pressure
link |
00:25:38.880
to pressurize right directly on the skin.
link |
00:25:41.080
Seems that it's technically feasible.
link |
00:25:42.880
We're still at the research and development stage.
link |
00:25:44.400
We don't have a flight system, but technically it's feasible.
link |
00:25:47.000
So we do a lot of work in the materials.
link |
00:25:48.720
You know, what materials do we need to pressurize someone?
link |
00:25:51.400
What's the patterning we need?
link |
00:25:52.720
That's what our patents are in, the patterning,
link |
00:25:54.760
kind of how we apply this.
link |
00:25:55.880
It's a third of an atmosphere.
link |
00:25:57.480
Just to sort of take a little step back,
link |
00:25:59.240
you have this incredible biosuit where it's tight fitting,
link |
00:26:02.280
so it allows more mobility and so on.
link |
00:26:04.440
So maybe even to take a bigger step back,
link |
00:26:06.280
like what are the functions that a spacesuit should perform?
link |
00:26:09.480
Sure, so start from the beginning.
link |
00:26:11.640
A spacesuit is the world's smallest spacecraft.
link |
00:26:14.320
So I really, that's the best definition I can give you.
link |
00:26:16.480
Right now we fly gas pressurized suits,
link |
00:26:18.240
but think of developing and designing an entire spacecraft.
link |
00:26:22.280
So then you take all those systems
link |
00:26:23.800
and you shrink them around a person,
link |
00:26:25.640
provide them with oxygen debris,
link |
00:26:27.040
scrub out their carbon dioxide,
link |
00:26:29.280
make sure they have pressure,
link |
00:26:30.120
they need a pressure environment to live in.
link |
00:26:31.720
So really a spacesuit is a shrunken spacecraft
link |
00:26:36.080
in its entirety, has all the same systems.
link |
00:26:37.880
Communication as well, probably.
link |
00:26:39.160
Yeah, communications, exactly.
link |
00:26:41.440
So you really thermal control, a little bit of radiation,
link |
00:26:44.880
not so much radiation protection,
link |
00:26:45.960
but thermal control, humidity, oxygen debris.
link |
00:26:48.040
So all those life support systems,
link |
00:26:49.720
as well as the pressure production.
link |
00:26:51.640
So it's an engineering marvel,
link |
00:26:53.560
the spacesuits that have flown
link |
00:26:54.560
because they really are entire spacecraft,
link |
00:26:56.440
they're the small spacecraft that we have around a person,
link |
00:26:59.080
but they're very massive,
link |
00:27:00.760
but 140 kilos is the current suit,
link |
00:27:03.000
and they're not mobility suits.
link |
00:27:04.360
So since we're going back to the moon and Mars,
link |
00:27:06.040
we need a planetary suit, we need a mobility suit.
link |
00:27:08.520
So that's where we've kind of flipped the design paradigm.
link |
00:27:11.680
I study astronauts, I study humans in motion,
link |
00:27:14.640
and if we can map that motion,
link |
00:27:16.240
I wanna give you full flexibility,
link |
00:27:17.760
move your arms and legs.
link |
00:27:19.160
I really want you to be like an Olympic athlete,
link |
00:27:21.680
an extreme explorer.
link |
00:27:23.520
I don't wanna waste any of your energy,
link |
00:27:25.280
so we take it from the human design.
link |
00:27:27.160
So I take a look at humans,
link |
00:27:28.560
we measure them, we model them,
link |
00:27:30.040
and then I say, okay, can I put a space suit on them
link |
00:27:33.040
that goes from the skin out?
link |
00:27:34.200
So rather than a gas pressurized shrinking
link |
00:27:36.440
that spacecraft around the person,
link |
00:27:38.800
say, here's how humans perform,
link |
00:27:40.440
can I design a space suit literally from the skin out?
link |
00:27:43.040
And that's what we've come up with,
link |
00:27:44.640
mechanical counter pressure, some patterning,
link |
00:27:46.520
and that way it could be order of magnitude less
link |
00:27:49.280
in terms of the mass,
link |
00:27:51.000
and it should provide maximum mobility for moon or Mars.
link |
00:27:54.520
What's mechanical counter pressure?
link |
00:27:56.040
Like, how the heck can you even begin
link |
00:27:58.880
to create something that's tight fitting
link |
00:28:02.440
and still doesn't protect you from the elements and so on
link |
00:28:05.000
and the whole, the pressure thing?
link |
00:28:06.880
That's a challenge, it's a big design challenge,
link |
00:28:08.600
we've been working on it for a while.
link |
00:28:09.720
So you can either put someone in a balloon,
link |
00:28:11.280
that's one way to do it, that's conventional,
link |
00:28:12.800
that's the only thing you ever want.
link |
00:28:13.640
What's that mean?
link |
00:28:14.480
That means the balloon that you throw a gas.
link |
00:28:15.320
That's a gas pressurized suit.
link |
00:28:16.160
You can put someone in a balloon.
link |
00:28:17.000
It's only a third of an atmosphere to keep someone alive.
link |
00:28:19.640
So that's what the current system is.
link |
00:28:20.800
So depending on what units you think in 30 kilopascals,
link |
00:28:24.000
4.3 pounds per square inch.
link |
00:28:25.280
So much less than the pressure that's on earth.
link |
00:28:28.200
You can still keep a human alive with 0.3
link |
00:28:31.760
and it's alive and happy.
link |
00:28:33.560
Alive and happy, and you know, you mix the gases.
link |
00:28:35.800
Here, we're having this chat and we're at one sea level
link |
00:28:39.440
in Boston at one atmosphere.
link |
00:28:41.520
But a suit. Oxygen and nitrogen.
link |
00:28:43.440
Oxygen and nitrogen, you put a suit,
link |
00:28:45.320
if we put someone to a third of an atmosphere.
link |
00:28:47.840
So for mechanical counter pressure now,
link |
00:28:49.480
so one way is to do it with a balloon.
link |
00:28:51.400
And that's what we currently have.
link |
00:28:52.840
Or you can apply the pressure directly to the skin.
link |
00:28:55.080
I only have to give you a third of an atmosphere.
link |
00:28:58.640
Right now, you and I are very happy in one atmosphere.
link |
00:29:00.520
So if I put that pressure a third of an atmosphere on you,
link |
00:29:04.480
I just have to do it consistently, you know,
link |
00:29:06.520
across all of your body and your limbs.
link |
00:29:08.560
And it'll be a gas pressurized helmet.
link |
00:29:10.760
Doesn't make sense to shrink, wrap the head,
link |
00:29:13.160
see the blue man group.
link |
00:29:14.000
That's a great, it's a great act.
link |
00:29:15.800
But we don't need to, you know,
link |
00:29:16.920
there's no benefits of like shrink wrapping.
link |
00:29:18.840
They had you put, you know, a gas pressurized helmet,
link |
00:29:21.120
because the helmet then the future of suits you asked me
link |
00:29:23.680
about the helmet just becomes your information portal.
link |
00:29:26.680
So it will have augmented reality.
link |
00:29:28.440
It'll have all the information you need.
link |
00:29:30.360
Should have, you know, the maps that I need.
link |
00:29:32.080
I'm on the moon.
link |
00:29:33.000
Okay, well, hey, smart helmet.
link |
00:29:34.760
Then show me the map, show me the topography.
link |
00:29:36.920
Hopefully it has the lab embedded too.
link |
00:29:38.600
If it has really great cameras,
link |
00:29:40.200
maybe I can see with that regolith.
link |
00:29:41.600
That's just lunar dust and dirt.
link |
00:29:43.080
What's that made of?
link |
00:29:44.160
We talked about the water.
link |
00:29:45.480
So the helmet then really becomes this information portal
link |
00:29:48.520
is how I see kind of the IT architecture,
link |
00:29:50.960
the helmet is really allowing me to, you know,
link |
00:29:54.680
use all of my modalities of an explorer that I'd like to.
link |
00:29:58.520
So cameras, voiceover images, if it were really good,
link |
00:30:01.800
it would kind of be, would have lab capabilities as well.
link |
00:30:05.240
Okay, so the pressure comes from the body,
link |
00:30:07.200
comes from the mechanical pressure.
link |
00:30:09.240
Which is fascinating.
link |
00:30:10.480
Now what aspect, when I look at biosuit,
link |
00:30:12.880
just the suits you're working on,
link |
00:30:14.480
sort of from a fashion perspective, they look awesome.
link |
00:30:17.640
Is that a small part of it too?
link |
00:30:20.720
Oh, absolutely.
link |
00:30:21.560
Because the teams that we work with, of course,
link |
00:30:23.680
I'm an engineer, there's engineering students,
link |
00:30:25.480
there's design students, there's architects.
link |
00:30:27.280
So it really is a very much a multidisciplinary team.
link |
00:30:29.800
So sure, colors, aesthetics, materials,
link |
00:30:33.440
all those things we pay attention to.
link |
00:30:34.920
So it's not just an engineering solution.
link |
00:30:36.920
It really is a, you know, much more holistic.
link |
00:30:39.080
It's a suit.
link |
00:30:39.920
It's a suit you're, you know, you're dressed in a suit now.
link |
00:30:42.440
It's a form fitting.
link |
00:30:43.720
So we really have to pay attention to all those things.
link |
00:30:46.280
And so that's the design team that we work with,
link |
00:30:49.480
and my partner, Geetraati, you know,
link |
00:30:50.760
we're partners in this in terms of,
link |
00:30:52.680
if he comes from an architecture,
link |
00:30:54.440
industrial design background.
link |
00:30:56.080
So bringing those skills to bear as well.
link |
00:30:58.120
We team up with industry folks who are in,
link |
00:31:00.840
you know, athletic performance and designers.
link |
00:31:03.000
So it really is a team that brings all those skills together.
link |
00:31:06.280
So what role does the space suit play
link |
00:31:08.960
in our long term staying in Mars,
link |
00:31:11.320
sort of exploring the,
link |
00:31:13.240
doing all the work that astronauts do,
link |
00:31:14.640
but also perhaps civilians one day,
link |
00:31:17.440
almost like taking steps towards colonization of Mars?
link |
00:31:20.120
What role does a space suit play there?
link |
00:31:21.720
So you always need a life support system,
link |
00:31:24.360
pressurized habitat.
link |
00:31:25.440
And I like to say, we're not going to Mars to sit around.
link |
00:31:28.440
So you need a suit.
link |
00:31:29.520
You're, you know, even if you land and have the lander,
link |
00:31:32.160
you're not going there to stay inside.
link |
00:31:33.720
That's her darn share.
link |
00:31:34.560
We're going there to search for the evidence of life.
link |
00:31:36.200
That's why we're going to Mars.
link |
00:31:37.400
So you need a lot of mobility.
link |
00:31:39.040
So for me, the suit is the best way
link |
00:31:41.400
to give the human mobility.
link |
00:31:42.880
We're always still going to need rovers.
link |
00:31:44.560
We're going to need robots.
link |
00:31:45.680
So for me, exploration is always a suite of explorers.
link |
00:31:49.440
Some people are going to,
link |
00:31:50.280
some of the suite of explorers are humans,
link |
00:31:51.840
but many are going to be robots, smart systems,
link |
00:31:55.040
things like that.
link |
00:31:55.880
But I look at it as kind of all those capabilities together,
link |
00:31:58.480
make the best exploration team.
link |
00:32:01.080
So let me ask, I love artificial intelligence.
link |
00:32:03.800
And you've, I've also saw that you've enjoyed the movie
link |
00:32:07.640
Space Odyssey, 2001, Space Odyssey.
link |
00:32:10.120
Let me ask the question about how 9,000,
link |
00:32:12.520
that makes a few decisions there
link |
00:32:14.080
that prioritizes the mission over the astronauts.
link |
00:32:17.440
Do you think from a high philosophical question,
link |
00:32:20.360
do you think how did the right thing
link |
00:32:22.760
of prioritizing the mission?
link |
00:32:24.720
I think our artificial intelligence
link |
00:32:26.840
will be smarter in the future for a Mars mission.
link |
00:32:29.560
It's a great question of his that the reality is
link |
00:32:31.640
for a Mars mission, we need fully autonomous systems.
link |
00:32:34.400
We will get humans,
link |
00:32:35.240
but they have to be fully autonomous.
link |
00:32:37.680
And that's a really important,
link |
00:32:38.720
that's the most important concept
link |
00:32:41.000
because, you know,
link |
00:32:41.840
there's not going to be a mission control on Earth,
link |
00:32:43.760
you know, you know, 20 minute time lag.
link |
00:32:47.640
There's just no way you're going to control
link |
00:32:48.840
so fully autonomous.
link |
00:32:49.920
So people have to be fully autonomous as well,
link |
00:32:51.640
but all of our systems as well.
link |
00:32:53.200
And so that's, that's the big design challenge.
link |
00:32:55.360
So that's why we test them out on the moon as well.
link |
00:32:57.280
When we have a, okay, a few second, you know,
link |
00:32:58.920
a three second time lag, you can test them out.
link |
00:33:00.800
We have to really get autonomous exploration down.
link |
00:33:05.320
You asked me earlier about Magellan and Magellan
link |
00:33:07.320
and his crew, they, they left, right?
link |
00:33:09.080
They were autonomous, you know, they were autonomous.
link |
00:33:12.160
They left and they were on their own
link |
00:33:13.960
to figure out that mission.
link |
00:33:15.040
Then when they hit land, they have resources,
link |
00:33:16.840
that's in situ resource utilization
link |
00:33:18.960
and everything else they brought with them.
link |
00:33:21.000
So we have to, I think, have that mindset for exploration.
link |
00:33:23.240
Again, back to the moon,
link |
00:33:24.080
it's more the testing ground,
link |
00:33:25.240
the proving ground with technologies.
link |
00:33:27.160
But when we get to Mars, it's so far away
link |
00:33:29.560
that we need fully autonomous systems.
link |
00:33:31.560
So I think that's, that's where, again, AI and autonomy
link |
00:33:34.480
come in really robust autonomy,
link |
00:33:36.640
things that we don't have today yet.
link |
00:33:38.440
So they're on the drawing boards,
link |
00:33:39.840
but we really need to test them out
link |
00:33:41.280
because that's, that's what we're up against.
link |
00:33:43.240
So fully autonomous meaning like self sufficient.
link |
00:33:45.680
There's still a role for the human in that picture.
link |
00:33:48.280
Do you think there'll be a time when AI systems
link |
00:33:51.720
just beyond doing fully autonomous flight control
link |
00:33:55.320
will also help or even take mission decisions
link |
00:33:58.800
like how did?
link |
00:33:59.840
That's interesting.
link |
00:34:00.680
It depends.
link |
00:34:01.520
I mean, they're gonna be designed by humans.
link |
00:34:02.680
I think as you mentioned, humans are always in the loop.
link |
00:34:04.560
I mean, we might be on Earth,
link |
00:34:05.560
we might be in orbit on Mars,
link |
00:34:06.880
maybe the systems that land us down on the surface of Mars.
link |
00:34:10.040
But I think we're gonna get,
link |
00:34:12.360
we are right now just on Earth based systems,
link |
00:34:14.840
AI systems that are incredibly capable
link |
00:34:18.520
and training them with all the data that we have.
link |
00:34:22.280
Now, I don't petabytes the data from Earth.
link |
00:34:24.720
What I care about for the autonomy and AI right now,
link |
00:34:27.240
how we're applying it in research
link |
00:34:28.720
is to look at Earth and look at climate systems.
link |
00:34:31.160
I mean, that's the, it's not for Mars to me today.
link |
00:34:33.480
Right now AI is to eyes on Earth,
link |
00:34:35.480
all of our space data,
link |
00:34:37.160
compiling that using supercomputers
link |
00:34:39.600
because we have so much information and knowledge
link |
00:34:41.880
and we need to get that into people's hands.
link |
00:34:43.360
We need, first there's an educational issue
link |
00:34:45.240
with climate and our changing climate.
link |
00:34:47.480
Then we need to change human behavior.
link |
00:34:49.840
That's the biggie.
link |
00:34:50.680
So this next decade, it's urgent.
link |
00:34:52.960
We take care of our own spaceship
link |
00:34:54.400
which is spaceship Earth.
link |
00:34:55.600
So that's to me where my focus has been for AI systems
link |
00:35:00.360
using whatever's out there,
link |
00:35:02.160
kind of imagining also what the future situation is.
link |
00:35:05.400
It's the satellite imagery of Earth of the future.
link |
00:35:07.840
If you can hold that in your hands,
link |
00:35:09.520
that's gonna be really powerful.
link |
00:35:10.720
Will that help people accelerate positive change for Earth
link |
00:35:14.160
and for us to live in balance with Earth?
link |
00:35:15.640
I hope so and kind of start with the ocean systems.
link |
00:35:17.960
So oceans to land to air
link |
00:35:19.800
and kind of using all the space data.
link |
00:35:21.320
So it's a huge role for artificial intelligence
link |
00:35:24.120
to help us analyze, I call it curating the data,
link |
00:35:27.200
using the data.
link |
00:35:28.440
It has a lot to do with visualizations as well.
link |
00:35:31.040
Do you think in a weird, dark question,
link |
00:35:34.240
do you think human species can survive
link |
00:35:36.920
if we don't become interplanetary
link |
00:35:39.200
in the next century or a couple of centuries?
link |
00:35:44.440
Absolutely we can survive.
link |
00:35:45.880
I don't think Mars is option B actually.
link |
00:35:48.440
So I think it's all about saving spaceship Earth
link |
00:35:51.200
and humanity.
link |
00:35:52.280
I simply put, Earth doesn't need us,
link |
00:35:55.240
but we really need Earth.
link |
00:35:57.040
All of humanity needs to live in balance with Earth
link |
00:36:00.040
because Earth has been here a long time before
link |
00:36:01.520
we ever showed up and it'll be here a long time after.
link |
00:36:03.960
It's just a matter of how do we wanna live
link |
00:36:06.080
with all living beings, much more in balance
link |
00:36:09.280
because we need to take care of the Earth
link |
00:36:11.280
and right now we're not.
link |
00:36:12.800
So that's the urgency and I think it is the next decade
link |
00:36:15.800
to try to live much more sustainably,
link |
00:36:18.680
live more in balance with Earth.
link |
00:36:19.960
I think the human species has a great long optimistic future,
link |
00:36:23.280
but we have to act, it's urgent,
link |
00:36:25.400
we have to change behavior,
link |
00:36:27.240
we have to realize that we're all in this together.
link |
00:36:30.280
It's just one blue bubble.
link |
00:36:31.840
It's for humanity.
link |
00:36:33.200
So when I think people realize that we're all astronauts,
link |
00:36:35.960
that's the great news is everyone's been an astronaut.
link |
00:36:37.960
We're all astronauts on spaceship Earth,
link |
00:36:41.200
and this is our mission.
link |
00:36:42.520
This is our mission to take care of the planet.
link |
00:36:45.120
And yet as we explore out from our spaceship Earth here
link |
00:36:50.160
out into the space,
link |
00:36:52.320
what do you think the next 50, 100, 200 years
link |
00:36:55.240
look like for space exploration?
link |
00:36:56.920
I'm optimistic.
link |
00:36:58.680
So I think that we'll have lots of people,
link |
00:37:01.920
thousands of people, tens of thousands of people,
link |
00:37:03.480
who knows, maybe millions in low Earth orbit.
link |
00:37:05.200
That's just a place that we're gonna have people
link |
00:37:06.960
and actually some industry, manufacturing,
link |
00:37:10.360
things like that, that dream I hope we realize,
link |
00:37:12.600
getting people to the moon so I can envision
link |
00:37:14.400
a lot of people on the moon.
link |
00:37:15.880
Again, it's a great place to go.
link |
00:37:17.120
Living or visiting?
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00:37:18.960
Probably visiting and living.
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00:37:21.160
If you want to, most people are gonna wanna come back
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00:37:22.960
to Earth, I think, but there'll be some people
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00:37:24.920
and it's not such a long, it's a good view.
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00:37:26.840
It's a beautiful view.
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00:37:28.040
So I think that we will have many people on the moon as well.
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00:37:31.560
I think there'll be some people, you told me, wow,
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00:37:33.880
hundreds of years out.
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00:37:34.880
So we'll have people who will be interplanetary for sure
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00:37:37.360
as a species.
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00:37:38.720
So I think we'll be on the moon.
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00:37:39.840
I think we'll be on Mars.
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00:37:41.480
No, Venus, no, it's already a runaway greenhouse gas.
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00:37:43.760
So not a great place for science.
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00:37:46.120
Jupiter all within the solar system,
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00:37:47.880
great place for all of our scientific probes.
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00:37:50.080
I don't see so much in terms of human physical presence.
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00:37:53.280
We'll be exploring them.
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00:37:54.200
So we live in our minds there because we're exploring them
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00:37:57.520
and going on those journeys, but it's really our choice
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00:38:02.360
in terms of our decisions of how in balance
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00:38:05.240
we're gonna be living here on the Earth.
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00:38:07.280
When do you think the first woman,
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00:38:09.400
first person will step on Mars?
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00:38:11.760
Step on Mars, well, I'm gonna do everything I can
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00:38:14.520
to make sure it happens in the 2030s.
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00:38:16.360
2030?
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00:38:17.200
Say mid, 20, 25, 2035, we'll be on the moon.
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00:38:22.840
And hopefully with more people than us.
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00:38:24.280
But first with a few astronauts,
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00:38:25.760
it'll be global, international folks,
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00:38:27.640
but we really need those 10 years, I think, on the moon.
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00:38:29.920
And then so by later in the decade in the 2030s,
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00:38:33.520
we'll have all the technology and know how
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00:38:35.400
and we need to get that human mission to Mars then.
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00:38:38.400
We'll live in exciting times.
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00:38:39.760
And David, thank you so much for leading the way
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00:38:41.800
and thank you for talking today.
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00:38:42.760
I really appreciate it.
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00:38:43.600
Thank you, my pleasure.
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00:38:45.200
Thanks for listening to this conversation
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00:38:47.000
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00:38:50.400
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00:38:53.240
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00:38:56.400
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00:39:00.600
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00:39:03.680
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00:39:06.840
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00:39:09.920
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