The following is a conversation with Grant Sanderson, his second time on the podcast.

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And now here's my conversation with Grant Sanderson.

You've spoken about Richard Feynman as someone you admire.

I think last time we spoke, we ran out of time.

So I wanted to talk to you about him.

Who is Richard Feynman to you in your eyes?

What impact did he have on you?

I mean, I think a ton of people like Feynman.

He's probably it's a little bit cliche to say that you like Feynman, right?

That's almost like when you don't know what to say about sports and you just point

to the Super Bowl or something or something you enjoy watching.

But I do actually think there's a layer to Feynman that sits behind the iconography.

One thing that just really struck me was this letter that he wrote to his wife

two years after she died.

So during the Manhattan Project, she had polio.

Tragically, she died.

They were just young, madly in love.

And, you know, the icon of Feynman is this almost this like mildly sexist womanizing

philanderer, at least on the personal side.

But you read this letter and I can try to pull it up for you if I want.

And it's just this absolutely heartfelt letter to his wife saying how much he loves her,

even though she's dead and kind of what she means to him, how no woman can ever

measure up to her.

And it shows you that the Feynman that we've all seen in like surely you're joking is

different from the Feynman in reality.

And I think the same kind of goes in his science where, you know, he kind of sometimes

has this output of being this Ashok's character, like everyone else is coming in.

There's with these fancyfalutin formulas.

But I'm just going to try to whittle it down to its essentials, which is so appealing

because we love to see that kind of thing.

But when you get into it, like what he was doing was actually quite deep, very much

mathematical that should go without saying.

But I remember reading a book about Feynman in a cafe once.

And this woman looked at me and was like, saw that it was about Feynman.

She was like, oh, I love him.

I read really you're joking.

And she started explaining to me how he was never really a math person.

And I don't understand how that can possibly be a public perception about any

physicist, but for whatever reason that like worked into his or that he sort of

shoot off math in place of true science.

The reality of it is he was deeply in love with math and was much more going in

that direction and had a clicking point into seeing that physics was a way to

realize that and all the creativity that he could output in that direction was

instead poured towards things like fundamental, not even fundamental theories,

just emergent phenomena and everything like that.

So to answer your actual question,

what I like about his way of going at things is this constant desire to reinvent

it for himself, like when he would consume papers the way he described it,

he would start to see what problem he was trying to solve and then just try to

solve it himself to get a sense of personal ownership.

And then from there, see what others had done.

Is that how you see problems yourself?

Like that's actually an interesting point when you first

are inspired by a certain idea that you maybe want to teach or visualize or just

explore on your own.

I'm sure you're captured by some possibility and magic of it.

Do you read the work of others?

Like, do you go through the proof?

Do you try to rediscover everything yourself?

So I think the things that I've learned best and have the deepest ownership of

are the ones that have some element of rediscovery.

The problem is that really slows you down.

And this is for my part, it's actually a big fall.

Like this is part of why I'm not an active researcher.

I'm not like at the depth of the field.

A lot of other people are the stuff that I do learn.

I try to learn it really well.

But other times you do need to get through it at a certain pace.

You do need to get to a point of a problem you're trying to solve.

So obviously you need to be well equipped to read things

without that reinvention component and see how others have done it.

But I think if you choose a few core building blocks along the way and you

say, I'm really going to try to approach this

before I see how this person went at it, I'm really going to try to approach it for

myself, no matter what you gain, all sorts of inarticulatable intuitions about

that topic, which aren't going to be there if you simply go through the proof.

For example, you're going to be trying to come up with counter examples.

You're going to try to come up with

intuitive examples, all sorts of things where you're populating your brain with

data and the ones that you come up with are likely to be different than the one

that the text comes up with and that lends at a different angle.

So that aspect also slowed Feynman down in a lot of respects.

I think there was a period when like the rest of physics was running away from him.

But insofar as it got him to where he was,

I kind of resonate with that.

I just I would be nowhere near it because I not like him at all.

But it's like a state to aspire to.

You know, just to link in a small point you made that you're not

a quote unquote active researcher.

Do you hear swimming often in reasonably good depth about a lot of topics?

Do you sometimes want to like dive deep?

That's a certain moment and say like because you probably built up a hell

of an amazing intuition about what is and isn't true within these worlds.

Do you ever want to just dive in and see if you can discover something new?

Yeah, I think one of my biggest regrets from undergrad is not having built better

relationships with the professors I had there.

And I think a big part of success and research is that element of like mentorship

and like people giving you the kind of scaffolded problems to carry along.

For my own like goals right now, I feel like I'm pretty good at exposing math

to others and like want to continue doing that.

For my personal learning,

I, are you familiar with like the Hedgehog Fox dynamic?

I think this was either the ancient Greeks came up with it or it was

pretended to be something drawn from the ancient Greeks that I don't know who to

point it to, but they probably marked Twain.

It is that you've got two types of people or especially two types of researchers.

There's the Fox that knows many different things.

And then the Hedgehog that knows one thing very deeply.

So like Von Neumann would have been the Fox.

He's someone who knows many different things.

Just very foundational, a lot of different fields.

Einstein would have been more of a Hedgehog thinking really deeply about one

particular thing and both are very necessary for making progress.

So between those two, I would definitely see myself as like the Fox, where

I'll try to get my paws in like a whole bunch of different things.

And at the moment, I just think I don't know enough of anything to make like a

significant contribution to any of them, but I do see value in

like having a decently deep understanding of a wide variety of things.

Like most people who know computer science really deeply,

don't necessarily know physics very deeply, or many of the like different fields

in math, even let's say you have like an analytic number theory versus an algebraic

number theory, like these two things end up being related to very different fields,

like some of them more complex analysis, some of them more like algebraic geometry.

And then when you just go out so far as to take those adjacent fields, place one,

you know, PhD student into a seminar of another ones.

They don't understand what the other one's saying at all.

Like you take the complex analysis specialist inside the algebraic geometry

seminar, there is lost as you or I would be, but I think going around and like

trying to have some sense of what this big picture is certainly has personal value

for me. I don't know if I would ever make like new contributions in those fields,

but I do think I could make new like expositional contributions where there's

kind of a notion of things that are known, but like haven't been explained very well.

Well, first of all, I think most people would agree your videos, your teaching,

the way you see the world is fundamentally often new, like you're creating something

new and it almost feels like research, even just like the visualizations,

the multidimensional visualization we'll talk about.

I mean, you're revealing something very interesting that,

yeah, just feels like research, feels like science, feels like the cutting edge

of the very thing of which like new ideas and new discoveries are made of.

I do think you're being a little bit more generous than is necessarily.

And I promise that's not even false humility, because I sometimes think when I

research a video, I'll learn like 10 times as much as I need for the video itself.

And it ends up feeling kind of elementary.

So I have a sense of just how far away like the stuff that I cover is from the actual depth.

I think that's natural, but I think that could also be a mathematics thing.

I feel like in the machine learning world, you like two weeks in,

you feel like you've basically mastered.

And mathematics is like everything is either trivial or impossible.

And it's like a shockingly thin line between the two where you can find

something that's totally impenetrable.

And then after you get a feel for it's like, oh, yeah,

that whole that whole subject is actually trivial in some way.

So maybe that's what goes on.

Every researcher is just on the other end of that hump.

And it feels like it's so far away, but one step actually gets them there.

What do you think about sort of Feynman's teaching style or

another perspective is of use of visualization?

Well, his teaching style is interesting because people have described like the

Feynman effect where while you're watching his lectures or while you're reading his

lectures, everything makes such perfect sense.

So as an entertainment session, it's wonderful because it gives you this

this intellectual satisfaction that you don't get from anywhere else that you

like finally understand it.

But the Feynman effect is that you

can't really recall what it is that gave you that insight, you know, even a week later.

And this is this is true of a lot of books and a lot of lectures where

the retention is never quite what we hope it is.

So

there is a risk that

the stuff that I do also fits that same bill where at best it's giving this kind

of intellectual candy on giving a glimpse of feeling like you understand something.

But unless you do something active, like reinventing it yourself, like doing

problems to solidify it, even things like space repetition memory to just make sure

that you have like the building blocks of what do all the terms mean.

Unless you're doing something like that, it's not actually going to stick.

So the very same thing that's so admirable about Feynman's lectures, which is how

damn satisfying they are to consume, might actually also reveal a little bit of the

flaw that we should, as educators, all look out for, which is that that does not

correlate with long term learning.

We'll talk about it a little bit.

I think you've done some interactive stuff.

I mean, even in your videos,

the awesome thing that Feynman couldn't do at the time is you could,

since it's programmed, you can like tinker, like play with stuff.

You could take this value and change it.

You can like, here, let's take the value of this variable and change it to build

up an intuition to move along the surface or to change the shape of something.

I think that's almost an equivalent of you doing it yourself.

It's not quite there, but as a viewer,

yeah, do you think there's some value in that interactive element?

Yeah, well, so what's interesting is you're

saying that and the videos are non interactive in the sense that there's a

play button and a pause button and you could ask like, hey, while you're

programming these things, why don't you program it into an interactable version

that, you know, make it a Jupyter notebook that people can play with,

which I should do and that like would be better.

I think the thing about interactives, though, is most people consuming them

just sort of consume what the author had in mind.

And that's kind of what they want.

Like I have a ton of friends who make interactive explanations.

And when you look into the analytics of how people use them,

there's a small sliver that genuinely use it as a playground to have experiments.

And maybe that small sliver is actually who you're targeting and the rest don't

matter, but most people consume it just as a piece of

like well constructed literature that maybe you tweak with the example a little

bit to see what it's getting at.

But in that way, I do think like a video can get most of the benefits of the

interactive, like the interactive app, as long as you make the interactive for

yourself and you decide what the best narrative to spin is.

As a more concrete example, like my process with I made this video about

SIR models for epidemics and it's like this agent based bottling thing where you

tweak some things about how the epidemic spreads and you want to see how that

affects its evolution.

My format for making that was very different than others,

where rather than scripting it ahead of time, I just made the playground and then

I played a bunch and then I saw what stories there were to tell within that.

Yeah, that's cool.

So your video had that kind of structure.

It had like five or six stories or whatever it was.

And like it was basically, OK, here's a simulation, here's a model.

What can we discover with this model?

And here's five things I found after playing with it.

Well, because here the thing is a way that you could do that project is you make

the model and then you put it out and you say, here's a thing for the world to

play with, like come to my website where you interact with this thing.

And people did like sort of remake it in a JavaScript way so that you can go to

that website and you can test your own hypotheses.

But I think a meaningful part of the value to add is not just the technology,

but to give the story around it as well.

And like that's kind of my job.

It's not just to like make the the visuals that someone will look at.

It's to be the one to decide what's the interesting thing to walk through here.

And even though there's lots of other interesting paths that one could take,

that can be kind of daunting when you're just sitting there in a sandbox and

you're given this tool with like five different sliders and you're told to

like play and discover things.

It's like, where do you do? What do you start? What are my hypotheses?

What should I be asking?

Like a little bit of guidance in that direction can be what actually sparks

curiosity to make someone want to imagine more about it.

A few videos I've seen you do.

I don't know how often you do it, but there's almost a tangential like pause

where you here's a cool thing.

You say like, here's a cool thing, but it's outside the scope of this video,

essentially, but I'll leave it to you as homework, essentially, to like figure

out, it's a cool thing to explore.

I wish I could say that wasn't a function of laziness, right?

And that's like you've worked so hard on making the 20 minutes already that

to extend it out even further would take more time.

And one of your cooler videos, the homomorphic, like from the mobius strip

to the mobius striped rectangle.

Yeah, that's a super and you're like, yeah, you can't, you can't transform

the mobius strip into a into a surface without intersecting itself.

But I'll leave it to you to see why that is.

I hope that's not exactly how I phrase it, because I think what my hope would be

is that I leave it to you to think about why you would expect that to be true.

And then to want to know what aspects of a mobius strip do you want to formalize

such that you can prove that intuition that you have?

Because at some point now you're starting to invent algebraic topology.

If you have these vague instincts, like I want to get this mobius strip.

I want to fit it such that it's all above the plane, but its boundary sits

exactly on the plane.

I don't think I can do that without crossing itself, but that feels really vague.

How do I formalize it?

And as you're starting to formalize that, that's what's going to get you to try

to come up with a definition for what it means to be orientable or not orientable.

And once you have that motivation, a lot of the otherwise arbitrary things that

are sitting at the very beginning of a topology textbook start to make a little more sense.

Yeah, and I mean that whole video beautifully was a motivation for topology school.

Well, my hope with that is I feel like topology is, I don't want to say it's taught wrong,

but I do think sometimes it's popularized in the wrong way, where you'll hear these

things with people saying, oh, topologists, they're very interested in surfaces that you

can bend and stretch, but you can't cut or glue.

Are they?

Why?

There's all sorts of things you can be interested in with random imaginative manipulations of

things.

Is that really what mathematicians are into?

And the short answer is not, not really.

That's, it's not as if someone was sitting there thinking like, I wonder what the properties

of clay are.

If I had some arbitrary rules about what, when I can't cut it and when I can't glue it.

Instead, it's, there's a ton of pieces of math that can actually be equivalent to like

these very general structures that's like geometry, except you don't have exact distances.

You just want to maintain a notion of closeness.

And once you get it to those general structures, constructing mappings between them translate

into non trivial facts about other parts of math.

And that, I just, I don't think that's actually like popularized.

I don't even think it's emphasized well enough when you're starting to take a topology

class, because you kind of have these two problems is like either it's too squishy,

you're just talking about coffee mugs and donuts, or it's a little bit too rigor first.

And you're talking about the axiom systems with open sets.

And an open set is not the opposite of closed set.

So sorry about that, everyone.

We have a notion of clop in sets for ones that are both at the same time.

And just, it's not, it's not an intuitive axiom system in comparison to other fields of math.

So you as a student, like really have to walk through mud to get there.

And you're constantly confused about how this relates to the beautiful things about

coffee mugs and mobius strips and such.

And it takes a really long time to actually see, like see topology in the way that

mathematicians see topology.

But I don't think it needs to take that time.

I think there's, this is making me feel like I need to make more videos on the top

because I think I've learned that to you.

100% you do.

But, you know, I've also seen it in my narrow view of like, I find game theory very beautiful.

And I know topology has been used elegantly to prove things in game theory.

Yeah.

You have like facts that seem very strange.

Like I could tell you, you stir your coffee and after you stir it and like,

let's say all the molecules settled to like not moving again.

One of the molecules will be basically in the same position it was before.

You have all sorts of fixed point theorems like this, right?

That kind of fixed point theorem directly relevant to Nash Equilibrium.

Right.

So you can imagine popularizing it by describing the coffee fact, but then you're

left to wonder like, who cares about if a molecule of coffee like stays in the same spot?

Is this what we're paying our mathematicians for?

You have this very elegant mapping onto economics in a way that's very concrete or very,

I shouldn't say concrete, very tangible, like actually adds value to people's lives

through the predictions that it makes.

But that line isn't always drawn because you have to get a little bit technical in order to

properly draw that line out.

And often I think popularized forms of media just shy away from being

a little too technical for sure.

By the way, for people who are watching the video, I do not condone the message in this mug.

It's the only one I have, which is this, the snuggle is real.

By the way, for anyone watching, I do condone the message of that mug.

The snuggle is real.

The snuggle is real.

Okay.

So you mentioned the SIR model.

I think there are certain ideas there of growth, of exponential growth.

What maybe have you learned about pandemics from making that video?

Because it was kind of exploratory.

You were kind of building up an intuition.

And it's again, people should watch the video.

It's kind of an abstract view.

It's not really modeling in detail, the whole field of epidemiology.

Those people, they go really far in terms of modeling.

Like how people move about, I don't know if you've seen it, but there is the mobility patterns.

How many people you encounter in certain situations, when you go to a school, when you go to a mall,

they model every aspect of that for a particular city.

They have maps of actual city streets.

They model it really well.

And natural patterns of the people have, it's crazy.

So you don't do any of that.

You're just doing an abstract model to explore different ideas.

Simple pedagogy.

I don't want to pretend like I'm an epidemiologist.

We have a ton of armchair epidemiologists.

And the spirit of that was more, can we through a little bit of play draw reasonableish conclusions?

And also just get ourselves in a position where we can judge the validity of a model.

I think people should look at that and they should criticize it.

They should point to all the ways that it's wrong.

Because it's definitely naive in the way that it's set up.

But to say, what lessons from that hold?

Thinking about the R0 value and what that represents and what it can imply.

What's R0?

So R0 is if you are infectious and you're in a population which is completely susceptible,

what's the average number of people that you're going to infect during your infectiousness?

So certainly during the beginning of an epidemic, this basically gives you kind of the exponential growth rate.

Like if every person infects two others, you've got that one, two, four, eight exponential growth pattern.

As it goes on, and let's say it's something endemic where you've got like a ton of people who have had it and are recovered,

then the R0 value doesn't tell you that as directly because a lot of the people you interact with aren't susceptible.

But in the early phases, it does.

And this is like the fundamental constant that it seems like epidemiologists look at and the whole goal is to get that down.

If you can get it below one, then it's no longer epidemic.

If it's equal to one, then it's endemic and it's above one, then you're epidemic.

So just teaching what that value is and giving some intuitions on how do certain changes in behavior change that value?

And then what does that imply for exponential growth?

I think those are general enough lessons and they're resilient to all of the chaos of the world that it's still valid to take from the video.

I mean, one of the interesting aspects of that is just exponential growth.

We think about growth.

Is that one of the first times you've done a video on...

No, of course not.

The whole Weller's identity.

Sure. I've done a lot of videos about exponential growth in the circular direction, only minimal in the normal direction.

I mean, another way to ask, do you think we're able to reason intuitively about exponential growth?

It's funny. I think it's extremely intuitive to humans.

And then we train it out of ourselves such that it's then really not intuitive.

And then I think it can become intuitive again when you study a technical field.

So what I mean by that is, have you ever heard of these studies where in a anthropological setting where you're studying a group that has been disassociated from a lot of modern society?

And you ask, what number is between one and nine?

And maybe you would ask, you've got one rock and you've got nine rocks.

You're like, what pile is halfway in between these?

And our instinct is usually to say five.

That's the number that sits right between one and nine.

But sometimes when numeracy and the kind of just basic arithmetic that we have isn't in a society, the natural instinct is three.

Because it's in between in an exponential sense and a geometric sense that one is three times bigger and then the next one is three times bigger than that.

So it's like, if you have one friend versus a hundred friends, what's in between that?

Ten friends seems like the social status in between those two states.

So that's deeply intuitive to us to think logarithmically like that.

And for some reason, we kind of train it out of ourselves to start thinking linearly about things.

So in the sense, the early basic math forces us to take a step back.

It's the same criticism if there's any of science is the lessons of science make us see the world in a slightly narrow sense to where we have an over exaggerated confidence that we understand everything.

It's supposed to just understanding a small slice of it.

But I think that probably only really goes for small numbers because the real counterintuitive thing about exponential growth is like as the numbers start to get big.

So I bet if you took that same setup and you asked them, oh, if I keep tripling the size of this rock pile seven times, how big will it be?

I bet it would be surprisingly big even to a society without numeracy.

And that's the side of it that I think is pretty counterintuitive to us, but that you can basically train into people.

I think computer scientists and physicists when they were looking at the early numbers of COVID, they were the ones thinking like, oh, God, this is following an exact exponential curve.

And I heard that from a number of people.

And almost all of them are techies in some capacity, probably just because I live in the Bay Area.

But for sure, they're cognizant of this kind of growth that's present in a lot of national systems and a lot of systems.

I don't know if you've seen like, I mean, there's a lot of ways to visualize this, obviously, but Raker as well, I think was the one that had this like chessboard where every square on the chessboard, you double the number of stones or something in that chessboard.

I've heard this is like an old proverb where someone, the king offered him a gift and he said, the only gift I would like very modest, give me a single grain of rice for the first chessboard.

And then two grains of rice for the next square, then twice that for the next square and just continue on.

That's my only modest ask your sire.

And it's all more grains of rice than there are anything in the world by the time you get to the end.

And my intuition falls apart there, like I would have never predicted that, like for some reason, that's a really compelling illustration how poorly breaks down.

Just like you said, maybe we're okay for the first few piles of rocks, but after a while, it's game over.

You know, the other classic example for gauging someone's intuitive understanding of exponential growth is I've got like a lily pad on a really big lake, like Lake Michigan.

And that lily pad replicates, it doubles one day and then it doubles the next day and it doubles the next day.

And after 50 days, it actually is going to cover the entire lake.

So after how many days does it cover half the lake?

49.

So you have a good instinct for exponential growth.

So I think a lot of like the knee jerk reaction is sometimes to think that it's like half the amount of time or to at least be like surprised that like after 49 days, you've only covered half of it.

Yeah, I mean, that's the reason you heard a pause from me.

I literally thought that can't be right.

Exactly.

So even when you know the fact and you do the division, it's like, wow, so you've gone like that whole time and then day 49, it's only covering half.

And then after that, it gets the whole thing.

But I think you can make that even more visceral if rather than going one day before you say how long until it's covered 1% of the lake, right?

And it's, so what would that be?

How many times you have to double to get over 100?

Like seven, six and a half times something like that.

Right.

So at that point, you're looking at 43, 44 days into it.

You're not even at 1% of the lake.

So you've experienced, you know, 44 out of 50 days and you're like, yeah, that lily pad, it's just 1% of the lake.

But then next thing you know, it's the entire lake.

You're wearing a SpaceX shirt.

So let me ask you one person who talks about exponential, you know, just the miracle of the exponential function in general is Elon Musk.

So he kind of advocates the idea of exponential thinking, you know, realizing that technological development can, at least in the short term, follow exponential improvement, which breaks apart our intuition, our ability to reason about what isn't, isn't impossible.

So he's a big, one, it's a good leadership kind of style of saying like, look, the thing that everyone thinks is impossible is actually possible because exponentials.

But what's your sense about, about that kind of way to see the world?

Well, so I think it's, it can be very inspiring to note when something like Moore's law is another great example where you have this exponential pattern that holds shockingly well.

And it enables just better lives to be led.

I think the people who took Moore's law seriously in the 60s were seeing that, wow, it's not going to be too long before like these giant computers that are either batch processing or time shared.

You could actually have one small enough to put on your desk on top of your desk and you could do things.

And if they took it seriously, like you have people predicting smartphones like a long time ago.

And it's only out of like kind of this, I don't want to say faith in exponentials, but an understanding that that's what's happening.

What's more interesting, I think, is to really understand why exponential growth happens and that the mechanism behind it is when the rate of change is proportional to the thing in and of itself.

So the reason that technology would grow exponentially is only going to be if the rate of progress is proportional to the amount that you have.

So that the software you write enables you to write more software.

And I think we see this with the internet, like the advent of the internet makes it faster to learn things, which makes it faster to create new things.

I think this is oftentimes why like investment will grow exponentially that the more resources a company has, if it knows how to use them well, the more it can actually grow.

So I mean, you know, you reference Elon Musk, I think he seems to really be into vertically integrating his companies.

And I think a big part of that is because you have the sense what you want is to make sure that the things that you develop, you have ownership of and they enable further development of the adjacent parts.

So it's not just this, you see a curve and you're blindly drawing a line through it.

What's much more interesting is to ask, when do you have this proportional growth property?

Because then you can also recognize when it breaks down, like in an epidemic, as you approach saturation, that would break down.

As you do anything that skews what that proportionality constant is, you can make it maybe not break down as being an exponential, but it can seriously slow what that exponential rate is.

The opposite of a pandemic is you want, in terms of ideas, you want to minimize barriers that prevent the spread.

You want to maximize the spread of impact.

So you want it to grow when you're doing technological development so that you do hold up, that rate holds up.

And that's almost like an operational challenge of how you run a company, how you run a group of people, is that any one invention has a ripple that's unstopped.

And that ripple effect then has its own ripple effects and so on.

And that continues.

Yeah, like Moore's Law is fascinating on a psychological level, on a human level, because it's not exponential.

It's just a consistent set of what you would call like S curves, which is like it's constantly like breakthrough innovations nonstop.

That's a good point.

It might not actually be an example of exponentials because of something which grows in proportion to itself, but instead, it's almost like a benchmark that was set out that everyone's been pressured to meet.

And it's like all these innovations and micro inventions along the way, rather than some consistent sit back and just let the lily pad grow across the lake phenomenon.

And it's also that there's a human psychological level for sure of like the four minute mile.

There's something about it like saying that, look, there is Moore's Law.

It's a law.

So like it's certainly an achievable thing, you know, we achieved it for the last decade, for the last two decades, for the last three decades, you just keep going.

And it somehow makes it happen.

I mean, it makes people, I'm continually surprised in this world how few people do the best work in the world, like in that particular, whatever that field is.

Like it's very often that like the genius, I mean, you could argue that community matters, but it's certain like I've been in groups of engineers where like one person is clearly like doing an incredible amount of work and just is the genius.

And it's fascinating to see basically it's kind of the Steve Jobs idea is maybe the whole point is to create an atmosphere where the genius can discover themselves, like have the opportunity to do the best work of their life.

And yeah, and that the exponential is just milking that it's like rippling the idea that it's possible and that idea that it's possible finds the right people for the four minute mile.

The idea that it's possible finds the right runners to run it and then expose a number of people who can run faster than four minutes.

It's kind of interesting to, I don't know.

Basically, the positive way to see that is most of us are way more intelligent, have way more potential than we ever realize.

I guess that's kind of depressing.

But I mean, like the ceiling for most of us is much higher than we ever realize.

That is true.

A good book to read if you want that sense is Peak, which essentially talks about peak performance in a lot of different ways, like, you know, chess, London cab drivers, how many push ups people can do short term memory tasks.

And if there's one, it's meant to be like a concrete manifesto about deliberate practice and such.

But the one sensation you come out with is, wow, no matter how good people are at something, they can get better and like way better than we think they could.

I don't know if that's actually related to exponential growth, but I do think it's a true phenomenon.

It's interesting.

Yeah, I mean, there's certainly no law of exponential growth in human innovation.

Well, I don't know.

Well, kind of there is.

I think it's very interesting to see when innovations in one field allow for innovations in another.

Like the advent of computing seems like a prerequisite for the advent of chaos theory.

You have this truth about physics and the world that in theory could be known.

You could find Lorenzo's equations without computers.

But in practice, it was just never going to be analyzed that way unless you were doing like a bunch of simulations and that you could computationally see these models.

So it's like physics allowed for computers.

Computers allowed for better physics and, you know, wash, rinse and repeat.

That self proportionality, that's exponential.

So I think it's too far to say that that's a law of some kind.

Yeah, a fundamental law of the universe is that these descendants of apes will exponentially improve their technology in one day be taken over by the AGI.

That's built in the simulation. That'll make the video game fun whoever created this thing.

I mean, since you're wearing a SpaceX shirt, let me ask.

I didn't realize that.

I apologize.

It's on topic.

So Crew Dragon, the first crewed mission out into space since the space shuttle.

And just by first time ever by a commercial company, I mean, it's an incredible accomplishment, I think.

But it's also just an incredible, it inspires imagination amongst people that this is the first step in a long, like, vibrant journey of humans into space.

Oh, yeah.

So what are your, how do you feel?

Is this, you know, is this exciting to you?

Yeah, it is. I think it's great.

The idea of seeing it basically done by smaller entities instead of by governments.

I mean, it's a heavy collaboration between SpaceX and NASA in this case, but moving in the direction of not necessarily requiring an entire country and its government to make it happen, but that you can have something closer to a single company doing it.

We're not there yet because it's not like they're unilaterally saying, like, we're just shooting people up into space.

It's just a sign that we're able to do more powerful things with smaller groups of people.

I find that inspiring.

Innovate quickly.

I hope we see people land on Mars in my lifetime.

Do you think we will?

I think so. I mean, I think there's a ton of challenges there, right?

Like radiation being kind of the biggest one.

And I think there's a ton of people who look at that and say, why?

Why would you want to do that?

Let's let the robots do the science for us.

But I think there's enough people who are genuinely inspired about broadening the worlds that we've touched or people who think about things like backing up the light of consciousness with super long term visions of terraforming.

Sorry, backing up the light of consciousness?

Yeah, the thought that if Earth goes to hell, we got to have a backup somewhere.

A lot of people see that as pretty out there and it's not in the short term future, but I think that's an inspiring thought.

I think that's a reason to get up in the morning and I feel like most employees at SpaceX feel that way too.

Do you think we'll colonize Mars one day?

No idea.

Like either AGI kills us first or if we're allowed, I don't know if it'll take a second.

For allowed?

Honestly, it would take such a long time.

Like, okay, you might have a small colony, right?

Something like what you see in the Martian, but not like people living comfortably there.

But if you want to talk about actual like second Earth kind of stuff, that's just like way far out there and the future moves so fast.

It's hard to predict.

It's like we might just kill ourselves before that even becomes viable.

Yeah, I mean, there's a lot of possibilities where it could be just, it doesn't have to be on a planet.

We could be floating out in space, have a space faring backup solution.

That doesn't have to deal with the constraints that a planet provides.

A planet provides a lot of possibilities and resources, but also some constraints.

Yeah, I mean, for me, for some reason, it's a deeply exciting possibility.

Oh, yeah.

All of the people who are skeptical about it are like, why do we care about going to Mars?

It's like, what makes you care about anything if that's inspiring?

It's hard.

It's hard to hear that because exactly as you put it on a philosophical level, it's hard to say why do anything.

I don't know.

It's like the people say like, you know, I've been doing like an insane challenge last 30 something days.

Your pull ups.

And the pull ups and push ups and like, you know, a bunch of people are like, awesome.

You're insane, but awesome.

And then some people are like, why?

Why do anything?

I don't know.

There's a calling.

I'm with JFK a little bit because we do these things because they're hard.

There's something in the human spirit that says like, same with like a math problem.

There's something you fail once and it's like this feeling that, you know what?

I'm not going to back down from this.

There's something to be discovered in overcoming this thing.

Well, so what I like about it is, and I also like this about the moon missions.

Sure, it's kind of arbitrary, but you can't move the target.

So you can't make it easier and say that you've accomplished the goal.

And when that happens, it just demands actual innovation, right?

Like protecting humans from the radiation in space on the flight there while there.

Hard problem demands innovation.

You can't move the goalpost to make that easier.

Almost certainly the innovations required for things like that will be relevant in a bunch of other domains too.

So like the idea of doing something merely because it's hard, it's like loosely productive, great.

But as long as you can't move the goalposts, there's probably going to be these secondary benefits that we should all strive for.

Yeah, I mean, it's hard to formulate the Mars colonization problem as something that has a deadline, which is the problem.

But if there was a deadline, then the amount of things we would come up with by forcing ourselves to figure out how to colonize that place would be just incredible.

This is what people, like the internet didn't get created because people sat down and tried to figure out how do I, you know, send TikTok videos of myself dancing to people.

They, you know, it was, there's an application. I mean, actually, I don't even know how.

What do you think the application for the internet was when it was?

It must have been very low level basic network communication within DARPA, like military based.

Like how do I send, like a networking, how do I send information securely between two places?

Maybe it was an encryption.

I'm totally speaking totally outside of my knowledge, but like it was probably intended for a very narrow small group of people.

Well, so I mean, it was, there was like this small community of people who are really interested in time sharing computing and like interactive computing in contrast with batch processing.

And then the idea that as you set up like a time sharing center, basically meaning kind of multiple people like logged in and using that like central computer.

Why not make it accessible to others?

And this was kind of what I had always thought like, oh, is this like fringe group that was interested in this new kind of computing and they all like got themselves together.

But the thing is like DARPA wouldn't actually, you wouldn't have the US government funding that just for the funds of it, right?

But in some sense, that's what DARPA was all about was like just really advanced research for the sake of having advanced research and it doesn't have to pay out with utility soon.

But the core parts of its development were happening like in the middle of the Vietnam War when there was budgetary constraints all over the place.

I only learned this recently actually like if you look at the documents, basically justifying the budget for the ARPANET as they were developing it and not just keeping it where it was but actively growing it while all sorts of other departments were having their funding cut because of the war.

A big part of it was national defense in terms of having like a more robust communication system, like the idea of packet switching versus circuit switching.

You kind of make this case that in some calamitous circumstance where a central location gets nuked, this is a much more resilient way to still have your communication lines that like traditional telephone lines weren't as resilient to, which I just found very interesting.

I think that even something that we see as so happy go lucky is just a bunch of computer nerds trying to get interactive computing out there. The actual thing that made it funded and thing that made it advance when it did was because of this direct national security question and concern.

I don't know if you've read it. I haven't read it. I've been meaning to read it but Neil deGrasse Tyson actually came out with a book that talks about like science in the context of the military like basically saying all the great science we've done in the 20th century was like because of the military.

I mean he paints a positive. It's not like a critical. It's not, you know, a lot of people say like military industrial complex and so on. Another way to see the military and national security is like a source of like you said deadlines and like hard things.

You can't move like almost, you know, almost like scaring yourself into being productive.

It is that I mean Manhattan Project is a perfect example. Probably the quintessential example that one is a little bit more macabre than others because of like what they were building.

But in terms of how many focused smart hours of human intelligence get pointed towards a topic per day, you're just maxing it out with that sense of worry in that context.

Everyone there was saying like we've got to get the bomb before Hitler does and that like that just lights a fire under you that I again like the circumstances macabre.

But I think that's actually pretty healthy, especially for researchers that are otherwise going to be really theoretical to take these like theorizers and say make this real physical thing happen.

Meaning a lot of it is going to be unsexy. A lot of it's going to be like young fine men sitting there kind of inventing a notion of computation in order to like compute what they needed to compute more quickly with like the rudimentary automated tools that they had available.

I think you see this with Bell Labs also where you've got otherwise very theorizing minds in very pragmatic contexts that I think is like really helpful for the theory as well as for the applications.

So I think that stuff can be positive for progress.

You mentioned Bell Labs and Manhattan Project. This kind of makes me curious for the things you've created which are quite singular.

Like if you look at all YouTube or just not YouTube, it doesn't matter what it is. It's just teaching content art doesn't matter. It's like, yep, that's that's Grant. Right. That's unique. I know you're teaching style and everything.

Does it? Manhattan Project and Bell Labs was like famously a lot of brilliant people, but there's a lot of them. They play off of each other. So like my question for you is that does it get lonely?

Honestly, that right there I think is the biggest part of my life that I would like to change in some way that I look at a Bell Labs type situation.

Like, goddamn, I love that whole situation and I'm so jealous of it. And you're like reading about hamming and then you see that he also shared enough with Shannon.

And you're like, of course he did. Of course they shared an office. That's how these ideas get like.

And they actually very likely worked separately.

Yeah, totally separate.

But there's a literally, and sorry to interrupt, there's a literally magic that happens when you run into each other like on the way to like getting a snack or something.

Conversations you over here, it's other projects you're pulled into. It's like puzzles that colleagues are sharing, like all of that.

I have some extent of it just because I try to stay well connected in communities of people who think in similar ways.

But it's not in the day to day in the same way, which I would like to fix somehow.

That's one of the, I would say, one of the biggest, one of the many drawbacks, negative things about this current pandemic is that whatever the term is, but like chance collisions are significantly reduced.

I saw, I don't know why I saw this, but on my brother's work calendar, he had a scheduled slot with someone that he scheduled a meeting.

And the title of the whole meeting was no specific agenda.

I just missed the happenstance serendipitous conversations that we used to have, which the pandemic and remote work has so cruelly taken away from us.

Brilliant.

That was the whole title of the meeting.

Yes, brilliant.

I'm like, that's the way to do it. You just schedule those things.

Schedule it.

You schedule the serendipitous interaction.

It's like, I mean, you can't do it in an academic setting, but it's basically like going to a bar and sitting there just for the strangers you might meet, just the strangers or striking up conversation with strangers on the train.

Harder to do when you're deeply like maybe myself or maybe a lot of academic types who are like introverted and avoid human contact as much as possible.

So it's nice when it's forced to those chance collisions, but maybe scheduling is a possibility.

But for the most part, do you work alone?

Like, I'm sure you struggle like a lot.

Like, you probably hit moments when you look at this and you say, like, this is the wrong way to show it.

It's a long way to visualize it.

I'm making it too hard for myself.

I'm going down the wrong direction.

This is too long.

This is too short.

All those self doubt that could be paralyzing.

What do you do in those moments?

Honestly, I actually much prefer work to be a solitary affair for me.

That's like a personality quirk.

I would like it to be in an environment with others and collaborative in the sense of ideas exchanged.

But those phenomena you're describing, when you say this is too long, this is too short, this visualization sucks, it's way easier to say that to yourself than it is to say to a collaborator.

And I know that's just a thing that I'm not good at.

So, in that way, it's very easy to just throw away a script because the script isn't working.

It's hard to tell someone else they should do the same.

Actually, the last time we talked, I think it was like very close to me talking to Don Knuth.

It was kind of cool.

Like two people that...

Can't believe you got that interview.

It's hard.

No, can I brag about something?

Please.

My favorite thing is Don Knuth.

After the interview, he offered to go out to hot dogs with me.

To get hot dogs.

That was never...

People ask me, what's the favorite interview you've ever done?

I mean, that has to be...

But unfortunately, I couldn't.

I had a thing after.

So, I had to turn down Don Knuth.

You missed Knuth dogs?

Knuth dogs.

Sorry.

So, that was a little bragging.

But the hot dogs, he's such a sweet.

But the reason I bring that up is he works through problems alone as well.

He prefers that struggle, the struggle of it.

You know, writers like Stephen King often talk about their process of what they do,

what they eat when they wake up, when they sit down, how they like their desk.

On a perfectly productive day, what they like to do, how long they like to work for,

what enables them to think deeply, all that kind of stuff.

Hunter Stompson did a lot of drugs.

Everybody has their own thing.

Do you have a thing?

If you were to lay out a perfect productive day, what would that schedule look like, do you think?

Part of that's hard to answer because the mode of work I do changes a lot from day to day.

Some days, I'm writing.

The thing I have to do is write a script.

Some days, I'm animating.

The thing I have to do is animate.

Sometimes, I'm working on the animation library.

The thing I have to do is, I'm not a software engineer, but something in the direction of software engineering.

Some days, it's like a variant of research.

It's like learn this topic well and try to learn it differently.

So those are like four very different modes of what it...

Some days, it's like get through the email backlog of people I've been...

The tasks I've been putting off.

It goes research, scripting, like the idea starts with research and then there's scripting and then there's programming and then there's the showtime.

And the research side, by the way, I think a problematic way to do it is to say, I'm starting this project and therefore I'm starting the research.

Instead, it should be that you're like ambiently learning a ton of things just in the background and then once you feel like you have the understanding for one,

you put it on the list of things that there can be a video for.

Otherwise, either you're going to end up roadblock forever or you're just not going to have a good way of talking about it.

But still, some of the days, it's like the thing to do is learn new things.

So what's the most painful one?

I think you mentioned scripting.

Scripting is, yeah, that's the worst.

Yeah, writing is the worst.

So what's your...

Perfectly, so let's take the hardest one.

What's a perfectly productive day?

You wake up and it's like, damn it, this is the day I need to do some scripting.

And you didn't do anything the last two days, so you came up with excuses to procrastinate.

So today must be the day.

Yeah, I wake up early.

I guess I exercise and then I turn the internet off.

If we're writing, yeah, that's what's required is having the internet off.

And then maybe you keep notes on the things that you want to Google when you're allowed to have the internet again.

I'm not great about doing that, but when I do, that makes it happen.

And then when I hit writer's block, the solution to writer's block is to read.

It doesn't even have to be related, just read something different.

Just for like 15 minutes, half an hour, and then go back to writing.

That, when it's a nice cycle, I think can work very well.

And when you're writing the script, you don't know where it ends, right?

Problem solving videos, I know where it ends.

Expositional videos, I don't know where it ends.

Coming up with the magical thing that ties this whole story together.

When does that happen?

That's the thing that makes it such that a topic gets put on the list.

Oh, that's an issue.

You shouldn't start the project unless there's one of those.

You have so many nice bags.

You have such a big bag of aha moments already that you could just pull at it.

That's one of the things.

And one of the sad things about time, and that nothing lasts forever,

and that we're all mortal, let's not get into that discussion,

is, you know, if I see like, even when I ask for people to ask,

like ask, I did a call for questions and people want to ask you questions.

And so many requests from people about like certain videos they would love you to do.

It's such a pile.

And I think that's a sign of like admiration from people for sure.

But it's like, it makes me sad because like whenever I see them, people give ideas,

they're all like very often really good ideas.

And it's like, it's such a makes me sad in the same kind of way.

When I go through a library or through a bookstore,

you see all these amazing books that you'll never get to open.

So, yeah, so you did, yeah.

Gotta enjoy the ones that you have.

Enjoy the books that are open and don't let yourself lament the ones that stay closed.

What else? Is there any other magic to that day?

Do you try to dedicate like a certain number of hours?

Do Cal Newport has this deep work kind of idea?

There's systematic people who like get really on top of, you know,

they checklist of what they're going to do in the day and they like count their hours.

And I am not a systematic person in that way.

Which is probably a problem.

I very likely would get more done if I was systematic in that way.

But that doesn't happen.

So, you know, you talk to me later in life and maybe I'll have like changed my ways

and give you a very different answer.

I think Benjamin Franklin, like later in life,

figured out the rigor is these like very rigorous schedules and how to be productive.

I think those schedules are much more fun to write.

Like it's very fun to like write a schedule and make a blog post

about like the perfect productive day that like might work for one person.

But I don't know how much people get out of like reading them

or trying to adopt someone else's style.

And I'm not even sure that they've ever followed.

Exactly.

You're always going to write it as the best version of yourself.

You're not going to explain the phenomenon of like wanting to get out of the bed

but not really wanting to get out of the bed and all of that.

And just like zoning out for random reasons or the one that people probably don't touch at all is

I try to check social media once a day.

But I'm like only so I post and that's it.

When I post, I check the previous days.

That's like my what I try to do.

That's what I do like 90% of the days.

But then I'll go, I'll have like a two week period where it's just like I'm checking the internet.

Like, I mean, it's some probably some scary number of times.

I think a lot of people can resonate with that.

I think it's a legitimate addiction.

It's like it's a dopamine addiction.

And I don't know if it's a problem because as long as it's the kind of socializing,

like if you're actually engaging with friends and engaging with other people's ideas,

I think it can be really useful.

Well, I don't know.

So like for sure, I agree with you, but I'm it's a it's definitely an addiction

because for me, I think it's true for a lot of people.

I am very cognizant of the fact I just don't feel that happy.

If I look at a day where I've checked social media a lot,

like if I just aggregate, I did a self report,

I'm sure I would find that I'm just like literally on like less happy with my life and myself after I've done that check.

When I check it once a day, I'm very like I'm happy.

I even like because I've seen it.

Okay, one way to measure that is when somebody says something not nice to you on the Internet is like when I check it once a day,

I'm able to just like like I smile like like I virtually I think about them positively empathetically.

I send them love.

I don't don't have a respond, but I just feel positively about the whole thing.

If I check it, if I check like more than that, it starts eating at me.

There's an eating thing that happens like anxiety.

It occupies a part of your mind.

That's not doesn't seem to be healthy.

Same with, I mean, you put stuff out on YouTube.

I think it's important.

I think you have a million dimensions that are interesting to you,

but yet one of the interesting ones is the study of education and the psychological aspect of putting stuff up on YouTube.

I like now I have completely stopped checking statistics of any kind.

I've released an episode 100 with my dad conversation with my dad.

He checks he's probably listening to this stop.

He checks the number of views on his on his video on his conversation.

So he discovered like a reason he's new to this whole addiction and he just checks and he like he'll text me or write to me.

He just passed Dawkins in the top.

I love that so much.

Can I tell you a funny story in that effect of like parental use of YouTube?

Early on in the channel, my mom would like text me.

She's like, the channel has had 990,000 views.

The channel has had 991,000 views.

I'm like, oh, that's cute.

She's going to the little part on the about page where you see the total number of channel views.

No, she didn't know about that.

She had been going every day through all the videos and then adding them up.

Adding them up.

And she thought she was like doing me this favor of providing me this like global analytic that otherwise wouldn't be visible.

That's awesome.

It's just like this addiction where you have some number you want to follow and like, yeah, it's funny that your dad had this.

I think a lot of people have it.

I think that's probably a beautiful thing for like parents because they're legitimately, they're proud.

Yeah.

It's born of love. It's great.

The downside, I feel, one of them is this is one interesting experience that you probably don't know much about because comments on your videos are super positive.

But people judge the quality of how something went.

Like I see that with these conversations by the comments.

Yeah.

Like, I'm not talking about like, you know, people in their 20s and their 30s.

I'm talking about like CEOs of major companies who don't have time.

They basically, they literally, this is their evaluation metric.

They're like, ooh, the comments seem to be positive.

And that's really concerning to me.

Most important lesson for any content creator to learn is that the commenting public is not representative of the actual public.

And this is easy to see.

Ask yourself, how often do you write comments on YouTube videos?

Most people will realize I never do it.

Some people realize they do, but the people who realize they never do it should understand that that's a sign.

The kind of people who are like you aren't the ones leaving comments.

And I think this is important to a number of respects.

Like, in my case, I think I would think my content was better than it was if I just read comments because people are super nice.

The thing is, the people who are bored by it or are put off by it in some way or frustrated by it, usually they just go away.

They're certainly not going to watch the whole video, much less leave a comment on it.

So there's a huge underrepresentation of negative feedback, well intentioned negative feedback because very few people actively do that.

Watch the whole thing that they dislike, figure out what they disliked, articulate what they disliked.

There's plenty of negative feedback that's not well intentioned, but for that golden kind.

I think a lot of YouTuber friends I have at least have gone through phases of anxiety about the nature of comments that stem from basically just this.

That it's people who aren't necessarily representative of who they were going for,

misinterpreted what they were trying to say or whatever have you.

Or we're focusing on things like personal appearances as opposed to substance.

And they come away thinking like, oh, that's what everyone thinks.

That's what everyone's response to this video was.

But a lot of the people who had the reaction you wanted them to have, they probably didn't write it down.

So very important to learn.

It also translates to realizing that you're not as important as you might think you are,

because all of the people commenting are the ones who love you the most and are really asking you to create certain things

or mad that you didn't create a past thing.

I have such a problem.

I have a very real problem with making promises about a type of content that I'll make

and then either not following up on it soon or just never following up on it.

Yeah, actually, last time we talked, I think, I'm not sure, promise to me that you'll have music incorporated into your...

I'll share with you a private link.

There's an example of what I had in mind.

I did a version of it and I'm like, I think there's a better version of this that might exist one day.

So it's now on the backboard. It's sitting there.

There was a live performance at this one thing.

Awesome.

I think next circumstance that I'm doing another recorded live performance that fits having that

and in a better recording context, maybe I'll make it nice in public.

Maybe a while.

Exactly, right?

The point I was going to make though is I know I'm bad about following up on stuff,

which is an actual problem.

It's born of the fact that I have a sense of what will be good content when it won't be,

but this can actually be incredibly disheartening because a ton of comments that I see

are people who are frustrated usually in a benevolent way that I haven't followed through on X and X, which I get.

I should do that, but what's comforting thought for me is that when there's a topic I haven't promised

but I am working on and I'm excited about, it's like the people who would really like this

don't know that it's coming and don't know to comment to that effect.

The commenting public that I'm seeing is not representative of who I think this other project will touch meaningfully.

Yes, so focus on the future, on the thing you're creating now, just like the art of it.

One of the people is really inspiring to me in that regard because I've really seen it in person.

Joe Rogan, he doesn't read comments, but not just that.

He doesn't give a damn.

He's not clueless about it.

He's just like the richness and the depth of a smile he has when he just experiences the moment with you offline.

You can tell he doesn't give a damn about anything, about what people think about whether if it's on a podcast you talk to him

or whether offline about just, it's not there.

What other people think, even what the rest of the day looks like is just deeply in the moment,

or especially is what we're doing going to make for a good Instagram photo or something like that.

It doesn't think like that at all.

I think for actually quite a lot of people he's an inspiration in that way, but it was in real life a show that you can be very successful

not giving a damn about comments.

It sounds bad not to read comments because it's like, well, there's a huge number of people who are deeply passionate about what you do,

so you're ignoring them, but at the same time the nature of our platforms is such that the cost of listening to all the positive people

who are really close to you, who are incredible people have made a great community that you can learn a lot from.

Listening to those folks is also the cost of your psychology slowly being degraded by the natural underlying toxicity of the internet.

Engage with a handful of people deeply rather than as many people as you can in a shallow way.

I think that's a good lesson for social media usage.

Platforms in general, yeah.

She's just a handful of things to engage with and engage with it very well in a way that you feel proud of and don't worry about the rest.

Honestly, I think the best social media platform is texting.

That's my favorite. That's my go to social media platform.

Well, yeah, the best social media interaction is like real life, not social media, but social interaction.

No question there. I think everyone should agree with that.

Which sucks because it's been challenged now with the current situation and we're trying to figure out what kind of platform can be created

that we can do remote communication that still is effective.

It's important for education. It's important for just...

That is the question of education right now.

Yeah.

So on that topic, you've done a series of live streams called lockdown math and you know, you want live, which is different than you usually do.

Maybe one, can you talk about how that feel?

What's that experience like?

In your own, when you look back, is that an effective way?

Did you find being able to teach?

And if so, is there a lessons for this world where all of these educators are now trying to figure out how the heck do I teach remotely?

For me, it was very different. As different as you can get.

I'm on camera, which I'm usually not. I'm doing it live, which is nerve wracking.

It was a slightly different level of topics.

Although realistically, I'm just talking about things I'm interested in no matter what.

I think the reason I did that was this thought that a ton of people are looking to learn remotely.

The rate at which I usually put out content is too slow to be actively helpful.

Let me just do some biweekly lectures that if you're looking for a place to point your students,

if you're a student looking for a place to be edified about math, just tune in at these times.

And in that sense, I think it was a success for those who followed with it.

It was a really rewarding experience for me to see how people engaged with it.

Part of the fun of the live interaction was to actually do these live quizzes and see how people would answer and try to shape the lesson based on that,

or see what questions people were asking in the audience.

I would love to, if I did more things like that in the future, kind of tighten that feedback loop even more.

I think, you ask about if this can be relevant to educators, 100% online teaching is basically a form of live streaming now.

And usually it happens through Zoom.

I think if teachers view what they're doing as a kind of performance and a kind of live stream performance,

that would probably be pretty healthy because Zoom can be kind of awkward.

And I wrote up this little blog post actually just on what our setup looked like if you want to adopt it yourself,

and how to integrate the broadcasting software OBS with Zoom or things like that.

It was really exciting to pause on that.

I mean, yeah, maybe we could look at the blog post, but it looked really nice.

The thing is, I knew nothing about any of that stuff before I started.

I had a friend who knew a fair bit, and so he kind of helped show me the roofs.

One of the things that I realized is that you could, as a teacher, it doesn't take that much to make things look and feel pretty professional.

One component of it is, as soon as you hook things up with the broadcasting software rather than just doing screen sharing,

you can set up different scenes, and then you can have keyboard shortcuts to transition between those scenes.

So you don't need a production studio with a director calling like, go to camera three, go to camera two, like onto the screen.

Instead, you can have control of that.

And it took a little bit of practice, and I would mess it up now and then.

I think I had a decently smooth such that, you know, I'm talking to the camera and then we're doing something on the paper,

then we're doing like a playing with a Desmos graph or something.

And something that I think in the past would have required a production team.

You can actually do as a solo operation, and in particular as a teacher.

And I think it's worth it to try to do that because two reasons.

One, you might get more engagement from the students.

But the biggest reason, I think one of the like best things that can come out of this pandemic education wise,

is if we turn a bunch of teachers into content creators.

And if we take lessons that are usually done in these one off settings,

and like start to get in the habit of sometimes I'll use the phrase commoditizing explanation,

where what you want is whatever a thing a student wants to learn.

It just seems inefficient to me that that lesson is taught millions of times over in parallel across many different classrooms in the world,

like year to year, you've got a given algebra one lesson that's just taught,

like literally millions of times by different people.

What should happen is that there's the small handful of explanations online that exist.

So that when someone needs that explanation, they can go to it,

that the time in classroom is spent on all of the parts of teaching and education that aren't explanation,

which is most of it, right?

And the way to get there is to basically have more people who are already explaining,

publish their explanations and have it in a publicized forum.

So if during a pandemic, you can have people automatically creating online content because it has to be online,

but getting in the habit of doing it in a way that doesn't just feel like a Zoom call that happened to be recorded,

but it actually feels like a piece that was always going to be publicized to more people than just your students.

That can be really powerful.

There's an improvement process there. So being self critical and growing, I guess YouTubers go through this process

of putting out some content and nobody caring about it and then trying to figure out, basically improving,

figure out why did nobody care, and they come up with all kinds of answers which may or may not be correct,

but doesn't matter because the answer leads to improvement.

So you're being constantly self critical, self analytical, it should be better to say,

so you think of like, how can I make the audio better?

Like all the basic things.

Maybe one question to ask, because, well, by way of Russ Tedrick,

he's a robotics professor at MIT, one of my favorite people, a big fan of yours.

He watched our first conversation. I just interviewed him a couple of weeks ago.

He teaches this course in under actuated robotics, which is robotic systems when you can't control everything.

We as humans, when we walk, we're always falling forward, which means it's gravity.

You can't control it. You just hope you can catch yourself, but that's not all guaranteed.

It depends on the surface. So that's under actuated. You can't control everything.

So the number of actuators, the degrees of freedoms you have is not enough to fully control the system.

So I don't know, it's a really, I think, beautiful, fascinating class.

He puts it online. It's quite popular. He does an incredible job teaching.

He puts online every time, but he's kind of been interested in like crisping it up,

like, you know, making it, you know, innovating in different kinds of ways.

He was inspired by the work he do because I think in his work, he can do similar kind of explanations as you're doing,

like revealing the beauty of it and spending like months and preparing a single video.

And he's interested in how to do that. That's why he listened to the conversation.

He's playing with Manum, but he had this question of, you know, like in my apartment,

where we did the interview, I have like curtains, like a black curtain, not this.

This is a adjacent mansion that I also own.

But you basically just have, I have like a black curtain, whatever, that, you know,

makes it really easy to set up a filming situation with cameras that we have here, these microphones.

He was asking, you know, what kind of equipment do you recommend?

I guess like your blog post is a good one. I said I don't recommend this is excessive

and actually really hard to work with.

So I wonder, I mean, is there something you would recommend in terms of equipment?

Like, is it, do you think like lapel mics, like USB mics?

For my narration, I use a USB mic for the streams that used a lapel mic.

The narration, it's a Blue Yeti. I'm forgetting actually the name of the lapel mic, but it was probably like a road of some kind.

Is it hard to figure out how to make the audio sound good?

Oh, I mean, listen to all the early videos on my channel and clearly, like, I'm terrible at this.

For some reason, I just couldn't get audio for a while.

I think it's weird when you hear your own voice.

So you hear it, you're like, this sounds weird.

Do you want to know, does it sound weird because you're not used to your own voice or they're like actual audio artifacts at play?

So, and then video is just for the lockdown, just the camera.

Like you said, it was probably streaming somehow through the...

Yeah, there were two GH5 cameras, one that was mounted overhead over a piece of paper.

You could also use like an iPad or a Wacom tablet to do your writing electronically, but I just wanted the paper feel.

On the face, there's two... Again, I don't know.

I'm just not actually the one to ask this because I animate stuff usually, but each of them has a compressor object that makes it such that the camera output goes into the computer USB, but gets compressed before it does that.

The live aspect of it, do you regret doing it live?

Not at all.

I do think the content might be like much less sharp and tight than if it were something, even that I just recorded like that and then edited later.

But I do like something that I do to be out there to show like, hey, this is what it's like raw, this is what it's like when I make mistakes.

This is like the pace of thinking.

I like the live interaction of it. I think that made it better.

I probably would do it on a different channel, I think, if I did series like that in the future, just because it's a different style. It's probably a different target audience and kind of keep clean what Three Blue and Brown is about versus the benefits of live lectures.

Do you suggest like in this time of COVID that people like Russ or other educators try to go like the shorter like 20 minute videos that are like really well planned out or scripted, you really think through, you slowly design, so it's not live?

Do you see like that being an important part of what they do?

Well, what I think teachers like Russ should do is choose the small handful of topics that they're going to do just really well.

They want to create the best, short explanation of it in the world that will be one of those handfuls in a world where you have commoditized explanation, right?

Most of the lectures should be done just normally, still put thought and planning into it.

I'm sure he's a wonderful teacher and like knows all about that.

But maybe choose those small handful of topics with beneficial for me sometimes as I do sample lessons with people on that topic to get some sense of how other people think about it.

Let that inform how you want to edit it or script it or whatever format you want to do.

Some people are comfortable just explaining it and editing later.

I'm more comfortable like writing it out and thinking in that setting.

Yeah, it's kind of sorry to interrupt.

It's a little bit sad to me to see how much knowledge is lost.

Like just as you mentioned, there's professors like we can take my dad, for example, to blow up his ego a little bit.

But he's a great teacher and he knows plasma, plasma chemistry, plasma physics really well.

So he can very simply explain some beautiful but otherwise complicated concepts.

And it's sad that like if you Google plasma or like for plasma physics, like there's no videos.

And just imagine if every one of those excellent teachers like your father or like Russ, even if they just chose one topic this year,

they're like, I'm going to make the best video that I can on this topic.

If every one of the great teachers did that, the internet would be replete and it's already replete with great explanations.

But it would be even more so with all the niche great explanations and like anything you want to learn.

And there's a self interest to it for in terms of teachers, in terms of even, so if you take Russ, for example, it's not that he's teaching something.

Like he teaches his main thing, his thing he's deeply passionate about.

And from a selfish perspective, it's also just like, I mean, it's like publishing a paper in a really like nature has like letters,

like accessible publication, it's just going to guarantee that your work, that your passion is seen by a huge number of people.

Whatever the definition of huge is, doesn't matter.

It's much more than it otherwise would be.

And it's those lectures that tell early students what to be interested in.

At the moment, I think students are disproportionately interested in the things that are well represented on YouTube.

So to any educator out there, if you're wondering, hey, I want more like grad students in my department.

Like what's the best way to recruit grad students?

It's like, make the best video you can and then wait eight years.

And then you're going to have a pile of like excellent grad students for that department.

And one of the lessons I think your channel teaches is there is appeal of explaining just something beautiful,

explaining it cleanly, technically, not doing a marketing video about why topology is great.

There's people interested in this stuff.

I mean, one of the greatest channels, like Matt, it's not even a math channel, but the channel with greatest math content is Vsauce.

Imagine you were to propose making a video that explains the Banak Tarski paradox.

Substantively, not shying around.

It may be not describing things in terms of like the group theoretic terminology that you'd usually seen in paper.

But the actual results that went into this idea of like breaking apart a sphere, proposing that to like a network TV station saying,

yeah, I'm going to do this in depth talk of the Banak Tarski paradox.

I'm pretty sure it's going to reach 20 million people.

It's like, get out of here.

Like no one cares about that.

No one's interested in anything even anywhere near that.

But then you have Michael's quirky personality around it and just people that are actually hungry for that kind of depth.

Then you don't need like the approval of some higher network.

You can just do it and let the people speak for themselves.

So I think if your father was to make something on plasma physics or if we were to have like under actualized robotics.

Underactuated.

Underactuated.

Yes, not under actualized.

It's plenty actualized.

Underactuated robotics.

Yeah, most robotics is under actualized currently.

That's true.

So even if it's things that you might think are niche, I bet you'll be surprised by how many people actually engage with it really deeply.

Although I just psychologically watching him.

I can't speak for a lot of people.

I can speak for my dad.

I think there's a little bit of a skill gap, but I think that could be overcome.

You know what?

None of us know how to make videos when we start.

The first thing I made was terrible in a number of respects.

Like look at the earliest videos on any YouTube channel except for Captain Disillusion.

And they're all like terrible versions of whatever they are now.

But the thing I've noticed, especially like with world experts is it's the same thing that I'm sure you went through, which is like fear of like embarrassment.

Like they definitely, it's the same reason.

Like I feel that anytime I put out a video.

I don't know if you still feel that, but like, I don't know, it's this imposter syndrome.

Like who am I to talk about this?

And that's true for like even things that you've studied for like your whole life.

I don't know.

It's scary to post stuff on YouTube.

It is scary.

I honestly wish that more of the people who had that modesty to say who am I to post this were the ones actually posting it.

That's right.

I mean, the honest problem is like a lot of the educational content is posted by people who like we're just starting to research it two weeks ago and are on a certain schedule.

And who maybe should think like who am I to explain and choose your favorite topic, quantum mechanics or something.

And the people who have the self awareness to not post are probably the people also best positioned to give a good honest explanation of it.

That's why there's a lot of value in a channel like Numberphile where they basically trap a really smart person and force them to explain stuff on a broad sheet of paper.

But of course, that's not scalable as a single channel.

If they if there's anything beautiful that they could be done as people take it in their own hands educators, which is again circling back.

I do think the pandemic will serve to force a lot of people's hands.

You're going to be making online content anyway.

It's happening, right?

Just hit that publish button and see how it goes.

Yeah, see how it goes.

The cool thing about YouTube is it might not go for a while.

But like 10 years later, right?

Yeah, it'll be like this.

The thing is what people don't understand with YouTube, at least for now, at least that's my hope with it is it's a leg.

It's a it's literally better than publishing a book in terms of the legacy.

It's it will live for a long, long time.

Of course, it's one of the things I mentioned Joe Rogan before it's kind of there's a sad thing because I'm a fan.

He's moving to Spotify.

Yeah, nine digit numbers will do that to you.

But he doesn't really that he's one a person that doesn't actually care about that much about money.

Like having talked to him here, it wasn't because of money.

It's because he legitimately thinks that they're going to do like a better job.

So they're so from his perspective, YouTube, you have to understand where they're coming from.

YouTube has been cracking down on people who they, you know, Joe Rogan talks to Alex Jones and conspiracy theories and stuff.

And YouTube is really like careful that kind of stuff.

And that's not a good feeling like and Joe didn't doesn't feel like YouTube is on his side.

You know, he's often has videos that they don't put in trending that like are obviously should be in trending because they're nervous about like, you know, if this concert is this is this content.

Going to, you know, upset people that all that kind of stuff have misinformation.

And that's not a good place for a person to be in and Spotify is giving him we're never going to censor you were never going to do that.

But the reason I bring that up, whatever you think about that, I personally think is bullshit because podcast things should be free and not constrained to a platform.

It's pirate radio. What the hell you can't as much as I lost Spotify, you can't just you can't put fences around it.

But anyway, the reason I bring that up is Joe's going to remove his entire library from YouTube.

Whoa, really?

I don't do his full link the clips are going to stay but the full length videos are all I mean me private or deleted.

That's part of the deal. And like that's the first time where I was like, oh, YouTube videos might not live forever.

Like things you find like, okay, sorry.

This is why you need IPFS or something where it's like if there's a content link.

I familiar with the system at all.

Like right now, if you have a URL that points to a server, there's like a system where the address points to content and then it's like distributed.

So you can't actually delete what's at an address because it's it's content address.

And as long as there's someone on the network who hosts it, it's always accessible at the address that it once was.

But I mean, that raises a question.

I'm not going to put you on the spot, but like somebody like Vsauce, right?

Spotify comes along and gives him, let's say $100 billion.

Okay, let's say some crazy number and then removes it from YouTube, right?

It's made me, I don't know, for some reason I thought YouTube is forever.

I don't think it will be.

I mean, you know, another variant that this might take is like that, you know, you fast forward 50 years and, you know, Google or Alphabet isn't the company that it once was.

And it's kind of struggling to make ends meet and, you know, it's been supplanted by the whoever wins on the AR game or whatever it might be.

And then they're like, you know, all of these videos that we're hosting are pretty costly.

So we're just we're going to start deleting the ones that aren't watched that much and tell people to like try to back them up on their own or whatever it is.

Or even if it does exist in some form forever, it's like if people are not habituated to watching YouTube in 50 years, they're watching something else, which seems pretty likely.

Like, it would be shocking if YouTube remained as popular as it is now indefinitely into the future.

That's true.

So it won't be forever.

It makes me sad still, but because it's such a nice, it's just like you said, of the canonical videos.

Sorry, I don't mean to interrupt.

You know, you should get Juan Bennett on the thing and then talk to him about permanence.

I think you would have a good conversation.

Who's that?

So he's the one that founded this thing called IPFS that I'm talking about.

And if you have him talk about basically what you're describing, like, oh, it's sad that this isn't forever.

Then you'll get some articulate pontification around it.

Yeah, it's like been pretty well thought through.

But yeah, I do see YouTube just like you said, as a place like what your channel creates, which is like a set of canonical videos on a topic.

Now, others could create videos on that topic as well.

But as a collection, it creates a nice set of places to go.

If you're curious about a particular topic, and it seems like coronavirus is a nice opportunity to put that knowledge out there in the world at MIT and beyond.

I have to talk to you a little bit about machine learning, deep learning and so on.

Again, we talked about last time.

You have a set of beautiful videos on your own networks.

Let me ask you first, what is the most beautiful aspect of networks and machine learning to you?

For making those videos, from watching how they feel this evolving, is there something mathematically or in applied sense just beautiful to you about them?

Well, I think what I would go to is the layered structure and how you can have what feel like qualitatively distinct things happening going from one layer to another,

but that are following the same mathematical rule.

Because if you look at it as a piece of math, it's like you got a nonlinearity and then you've got a matrix multiplication.

That's what's happening on all the layers.

But especially if you look at some of the visualizations that Chris Ola has done with respect to convolutional nets that have been trained on ImageNet,

trying to say, what does this neuron do?

What does this family of neurons do?

What you can see is that the ones closer to the input side are picking up on very low level ideas like the texture.

And then as you get further back, you have higher level ideas like what is the where the eyes in this picture and then how do the eyes form like an animal as this animal, a cat or a dog or a deer.

You have this series of qualitatively different things happening even though it's the same piece of math on each one.

So that's a pretty beautiful idea that you can have like a generalizable object that runs through the layers of abstraction,

which in some sense constitute intelligence is having those many different layers of an understanding to something.

Form abstractions in an automated way.

Exactly.

It's automated abstracting, which I mean, that just feels very powerful.

And the idea that it can be so simply mathematically represented.

I mean, a ton of like modern animal research seems a little bit like you do a bunch of ad hoc things, then you decide which one worked and then you retrospectively come up with the mathematical reason that it always had to work.

But who cares how you came to it?

When you have like that elegant piece of math, it's hard not to just smile seeing it work in action.

Well, and we talked about topology before.

One of the really interesting things is beginning to be investigated under kind of the field of like science and deep learning,

which is like the craziness of the surface that is trying to be optimized in neural networks.

I mean, the amount of local minima, local optima there is in these surfaces and somehow a dumb gradient descent algorithm is able to find really good solutions.

That's like, that's really surprising.

Well, so on the one hand it is, but also it's like not.

It's not terribly surprising that you have these interesting points that exist when you make your space so high dimensional like GPT three.

What did it have 175 billion parameters?

So it doesn't feel as mesmerizing to think about, oh, there's some surface of intelligent behavior in this crazy high dimensional space.

Like there's so many parameters that of course, but what's more interesting is like how, how is it that you're able to efficiently get there,

which is maybe what you're describing that something as dumb as gradient descent does it.

But like the reason the gradient descent works well with neural networks and not just, you know, choose however you want to parameterize this space and then like apply gradient descent to it.

Is that that layered structure lets you decompose the derivative in a way that makes it computationally feasible.

Yeah, it's just that that there's so many good solutions, probably infinitely, infinitely many good solutions, not best solutions, but good solutions.

That's that's what's interesting.

It's similar to Steven Wolfram as this idea of like the, if you just look at all space of computations of all space of basically algorithms,

that you'd be surprised how many of them are actually intelligent.

Like if you just randomly pick from the bucket, that's surprising.

We tend to think like a tiny, tiny minority of them would be intelligent.

But his sense is like, it seems weirdly easy to find computations that do something interesting.

Well, okay.

So that from like a Kalamogorov complexity standpoint, almost everything will be interesting.

What's fascinating is to find the stuff that's describable with low information, but still does interesting things.

Like one fun example of this, you know, Shannon's noisy coding and theorem, noisy coding theorem and information theory,

that basically says if, you know, I want to send some bits to you, maybe some of them are going to get flipped.

There's some noise along the channel.

I can come up with some way of coding it that's resilient to that noise.

That's very good.

And then he quantitatively describes what very good is.

What's funny about how he proves the existence of good error correction codes is rather than saying like, here's how to construct it,

or even like a sensible non constructive proof.

The nature of his non constructive proof is to say, if we chose a random encoding, it would be almost at the limit,

which is weird because then it took decades for people to actually find any that were anywhere close to the limit.

And what his proof was saying is choose a random one.

And it's like the best kind of encoding you'll ever find.

But what's what that tells us is that sometimes when you choose a random element from this ungodly huge set,

that's a very different task from finding an efficient way to actively describe it.

Because in that case, the random element to actually implement it as a bit of code,

you would just have this huge table of like telling you how to encode one thing into another that's totally computationally infeasible.

So on the side of like, how many possible programs are interesting in some way?

It's like, yeah, all tons of them.

But the much, much more delicate question is when you can have a low information description of something that still becomes interesting.

And thereby this kind of gives you a blueprint for how to engineer that kind of thing.

Right.

Yeah.

KS Theory is another good instance there where it's like, yeah, a ton of things are hard to describe.

But how do you have ones that have a simple set of governing equations that remain like arbitrarily hard to describe?

Well, let me ask you, you mentioned GPT3.

It's interesting to ask what are your thoughts about the recently released open AI GPT3 model

that I believe is already trying to learn how to communicate like Grant Sanderson.

You know, I think I got an email there too, go about someone who wanted to try to use GPT3 with Manum,

where you would like give it a high level description of something and then it'll like automatically create the mathematical animation.

Like trying to put me out of a job here.

I mean, it probably won't put you out of a job, but it'll create something visually beautiful for sure.

I would be surprised if that worked as stated, but maybe there's like variants of it like that you can get to.

I mean, like a lot of those demos, it's interesting.

I think there's a lot of failed experiments.

Like depending on how you prime the thing, you're going to have a lot of failed.

I'm certainly with code and with program synthesis, most of it won't even run.

But eventually, I think if you pick the right examples, you'll be able to generate something cool.

And I think that even that's good enough, even though if you're being very selective, it's still cool that something can be generated.

Yeah, that's huge value.

I mean, think of the writing process.

Sometimes a big part of it is just getting a bunch of stuff on the page and then you can decide what to whittle down to.

So if it can be used in like a man machine symbiosis where it's just giving you a spew of potential ideas that then you can refine down.

Like it's serving as the generator and then the human serves as the refiner.

That seems like a pretty powerful dynamic.

Yeah, have you gotten a chance to see any of the demos like on Twitter?

Is there a favorite you've seen?

Oh, my absolute favorite.

Yeah.

So Tim Blay, who runs a channel called Alcapela Science, he was tweeting a bunch about playing with it.

And so GPT3 was trained on the internet from before COVID.

So in a sense, it doesn't know about the coronavirus.

So what he seeded it with was just a short description about like a novel virus emerges in Wuhan, China and starts to spread around the globe.

What follows is a month by month description of what happens.

January colon, right?

That's what he seeds it with.

So then what GPT3 generates is like January, then a paragraph of description February and such.

And it's the funniest thing you'll ever read because it predicts a zombie apocalypse.

Which of course it would because it's trained on like the internet data.

But what you see unfolding is a description of COVID 19 if it were a zombie apocalypse.

And like the early aspects of it are kind of shockingly in line with what's reasonable.

And then it gets out of hand so quickly.

And the other flip side of that is I wouldn't be surprised if it's onto something at some point here.

You know, 2020 has been full of surprises.

Who knows, like we might all be in like this crazy militarized zone as it predicts just a couple months off.

Yeah, I think there's definitely an interesting tool of storytelling.

It has struggled with mathematics, which is interesting or just even numbers.

It's able to, it's not able to generate like patterns, you know, like you give it like five digit numbers and it's not able to figure out the sequence.

You know, or like I didn't look in too much, but I'm talking about like sequences like the Fibonacci numbers to see how far it can go.

Because obviously it's leveraging stuff from the internet and it starts to lose it.

But it is also cool that I've seen it able to generate some interesting patterns that are mathematically correct.

Yeah, I honestly haven't dug into like what's going on within it in a way that I can speak intelligently to.

I guess it doesn't surprise me that it's bad at numerical patterns because maybe I should be more impressed with it.

But like that requires having a weird combination of intuitive and formulaic worldview.

So you're not just going off of intuition when you see Fibonacci numbers.

You're not saying like intuitively, what do I think will follow the 13?

Like I've seen patterns a lot where like 13s are followed by 21s.

Instead, it's that like the way you're starting to see a shape of things is by knowing what hypotheses to test where you're saying,

oh, maybe it's generated based on the previous terms or maybe it's generated based on like multiplying by a constant or whatever it is.

You like have a bunch of different hypotheses and your intuitions are around those hypotheses, but you still need to actively test it.

And it seems like GPT three is extremely good at like that sort of pattern matching recognition that usually is very hard for computers.

That is what humans get good at through expertise and exposure to lots of things.

It's why it's good to learn from as many examples as you can rather than just from the definitions.

It's to get that level of intuition.

But to actually concretize it into a piece of math, you do need to like test your hypotheses and if not prove it,

like have an actual explanation for what's going on, not just a pattern that you've seen.

But then the flip side to play devil's advocate, that's a very kind of probably correct intuitive understanding of just like we said,

a few layers creating abstractions.

But it's been able to form something that looks like a compression of the data that it's seen that looks awfully a lot like it understands what the heck it's talking about.

Well, I think a lot of understanding is like I don't mean to denigrate pattern recognition.

Pattern recognition is most of understanding and it's super important and it's super hard.

And so like when it's demonstrating this kind of real understanding compressing down some data, like that might be pattern recognition at its finest.

My only point would be that like what differentiates math, I think to a large extent is that the pattern recognition isn't sufficient.

And that the kind of patterns that you're recognizing are not like the end goals, but instead they are the little bits and paths that get you to the end goal.

That's only true for mathematics in general.

It's an interesting question if that might for certain kinds of series of numbers, it might not be true.

Because that's a basic, like certain kinds of series, it feels like compressing the internet is enough to figure out because those patterns in some form appear in the text somewhere.

Well, I mean, there's all sorts of wonderful examples of false patterns in math where one of the earliest videos I put on the channel was talking about you kind of dividing a circle up using these chords.

And you see this pattern of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.

I was like, okay, pretty easy to see what that pattern is.

It's powers of two.

You've seen it a million times.

But it's not powers of two.

The next term is 31.

And so it's like almost a power of two, but it's a little bit shy.

And there's actually a very good explanation for what's going on.

But I think it's a good test of whether you're thinking clearly about mechanistic explanations of things, how quickly you jump to thinking it must be powers of two.

The problem itself, there's really no good way to...

I mean, there can't be a good way to think about it as doubling a set because ultimately it doesn't.

But even before it starts to, it's not something that screams out as being a doubling phenomenon.

So at best, if it did turn out to be powers of two, it would have only been so very subtly.

And I think the difference between a math student making a mistake and a mathematician who's experienced seeing that kind of pattern is that they'll have a sense from what the problem itself is,

whether the pattern that they're observing is reasonable and how to test it.

And I would just be very impressed if there was any algorithm that was actively accomplishing that goal.

Yeah, like a learning based algorithm.

Like a little scientist, I guess, basically.

It's a fascinating thought because GPT3, these language models are already accomplishing way more than I've expected.

So I'm learning not to doubt.

I bet we'll get there.

Yeah, I'm not saying I'd be impressed, but like surprised.

I'll be impressed, but I think we'll get there on algorithms doing math like that.

So one of the amazing things you've done for the world is, to some degree,

open sourcing the tooling that you use to make your videos with Manum, this Python library.

Now it's quickly evolving because I think you're inventing new things every time you make a video.

In fact, I've been working on playing around with something.

I wanted to do like an Ode to Three Blue on Brown.

Like I love playing Hendrix.

I wanted to do like a cover of a concept I wanted to visualize and use Manum.

And I saw that you had like a little piece of code on like Mobius Strip.

And I tried to do some cool things with spinning a Mobius Strip, like continue twisting it, I guess is the term.

And it was easier to, it was tough.

So I haven't figured it out yet.

Well, so I guess the question I want to ask is so many people love it that you've put that out there.

They want to do the same thing as I do with Hendrix.

They want to cover it.

They want to explain an idea using the tool, including Rust.

How would you recommend?

They try to, I'm very sorry.

They try to go, they try to go by about it.

And what kind of choices should they choose to be most effective?

That I can answer.

So I always feel guilty if this comes up because I think of it like this scrappy tool that's like a math teacher who put together some code.

People asked what it was.

So they made it open source and they kept scrapping it together.

Like a lot of things about it that make it harder to work with than it needs to be that are a function of like me not being a software engineer.

I've put some work this year trying to like make it better and more flexible that is still just kind of like a work in process.

One thing I would love to do is just get my act together about properly integrating with what like the community wants to work with and like what stuff I work on and making that not like deviate.

And just like actually fostering that community in a way that I've been like shamefully neglectful of.

So I'm just always guilty if it comes up.

So let's put that guilt aside.

Just kind of Zen like Zen like I'll pretend like it isn't terrible for someone like Russ.

I think step one is like make sure that what you're animating should be done so programmatically because a lot of things maybe shouldn't like if you're just making a quick graph of something.

If it's a graphical intuition that maybe has a little motion to it use Desmos use graph or use Geogebra use Mathematica certain things that are like really oriented around.

Geogebra is kind of cool.

It's amazing.

You can get very, very far with it.

And in a lot of ways like it would make more sense for some stuff that I do to just do in Geogebra.

But I kind of have this cycle of liking to try to improve Manum by doing videos and such.

So do as I say not as I do.

So the original like thought I had in making Manum was that there's so many different ways of representing functions other than graphs.

In particular things like transformations like use movement over time to communicate relationships between inputs and outputs instead of like X direction and Y direction.

Or like vector fields or things like that.

So I wanted something that was flexible enough that you didn't feel constrained into a graphical environment.

By graphical I mean like graphs with like X coordinate, Y coordinate kind of stuff.

But also make sure that you're taking advantage of the fact that it's programmatic.

You have loops, you have conditionals, you have abstraction.

If any of those are like well fit for what you want to teach to have a scene type that you tweak a little bit based on parameters.

Or to have conditional so that things can go one way or another.

Or loops so that you can create these things of like arbitrarily increasing complexity.

That's the stuff that's like meant to be animated programmatically.

If it's just like writing some text on the screen or shifting around objects or something like that.

Things like that you should probably just use keynote.

You'd be a lot simpler.

So try to find a workflow that distills down that which should be programmatic into Manum and that which doesn't need to be into like other domains.

Again do as I say not as I do.

I mean Python is an integral part of it.

Just for the fun of it, let me ask what's your most and least favorite aspects of Python?

Most and least.

I mean I love that it's like object oriented and functional I guess.

That you can kind of like get both of those benefits for how you structure things.

So if you would just want to quickly whip something together the functional aspects are nice.

Is your primary language like for programmatically generating stuff?

It's home for me.

Sometimes you travel but it's home.

Got it.

It's home.

I mean the biggest disadvantage is that it's slow.

So when you're doing computationally intensive things either you have to like think about it more than you should how to make it efficient or it just like takes long.

Do you run into that at all like with your work?

Well so certainly old Manum is like way slower than it needs to be because of how it renders things on the back and is like kind of absurd.

I've rewritten things such that it's all done with like shaders in such a way that it should be just like live and actually like interactive while you're coding it if you want to.

You have like a 3D scene you can move around you can have elements respond to where your mouse is or things.

That's not something that user of a video is going to get to experience because there's just a play button and a pause button.

But while you're developing that can be nice.

So it's gotten better in speed in that sense but that's basically because the hard work is being done in the language that's not Python but GLSL right.

But yeah there are some times when it's like a there's just a lot of data that goes into the object that I want to animate that then it just like Python is slow.

Well let me ask quickly ask what do you think about the walrus operator if you're familiar with it all the reason it's interesting there's a new operator in Python 3.8.

I find it psychologically interesting because the toxicity over it led Guido to resign the step down from actually true or was it like there's a bunch of surrounding things that also was it actually the walrus operator that.

Well it was it was a text it was an accumulation of toxicity but that was the most that was the most toxic one like the discussion that's the most number of Python core developers that were opposed to Guido's decision.

He didn't particularly I don't think cared about either way he just thought it was a good idea this is where you approve it and like the structure of the idea of a BDFL is like you listen everybody hear everybody out.

You make a decision and you move forward and he didn't like the negativity that burden him after that.

People like some parts of the benevolent dictator for life mantra but once the dictator does things different than you want suddenly dictatorship doesn't seem so great.

Yeah I mean they still like that he just couldn't because he truly is the bee in the benevolent he's really he really is a nice guy I mean and.

I think he can't it's a lot of toxicity is difficult it's a difficult job that's why a lot of trouble is perhaps the way he is you have to have a thick skin to fight off.

Fight off the warring masses it's kind of surprising to me how many people can like threaten to murder each other over whether we should have braces or not like it's incredible.

Yeah I mean that's my knee jerk reaction to the walrus operators like I don't actually care that much other way I'm not going to get really passionate my initial reaction was like.

Yeah this seems to make things more confusing to read but then again so does this comprehension until you're used to it so like if there's a use for it great if not great but like let's just all calm down about our spaces versus tabs debates here and like.

Be chill yeah to me just represents the value of great leadership even in open source communities doesn't represent that if he stepped down as a leader.

Well he fought for it no he got it passed I guess but I guess I could represent multiple things to it can represent like failed dictatorships.

Or it can represent a lot of things but to me great leaders take risks even if it.

Even if it's a mistake at the end like you have to make decisions the thing is this world won't go anywhere if you can't if whenever there's a divisive thing you wait until the division is no longer there like.

That's the paralysis we experienced with like Congress and political systems it's good to be slow when there's in decision when there's.

People disagree it's good to take your time but like at a certain point results in paralysis you just have to make a decision the background of the site whether it's.

Yellow blue or red can cause people to like go to war over each other which I've seen this with design people are very touched on color color choices at the end of the day just make a decision.

And go with that I think that that's what the waters operator represents to me it represents the fighter pilot instinct of like quick action is more important than.

Then just like hearing everybody out and really think it through it because that's going to lead to paralysis.

Yeah like if that's the actual case that you know it's something where consciously hearing people's disagreement disagreeing with that disagreement and saying he wants to move forward anyway that's an admirable aspect of leadership.

So we don't have much time but I want to ask just because it's some beautiful mathematics involved.

2020 brought us a couple of in the physics world theories of everything Eric Weisstein kind of it's been working for probably decades but he put out this idea of geometric unity.

Or started sort of publicly thinking and talking about a more Stephen Wolfram put out.

His physics project which is kind of this hyper graph view of a theory of everything do you find interesting beautiful things to these theories of everything what do you think about the physics world and sort of.

The beautiful interesting insightful mathematics in that world whether we're talking about quantum mechanics which you touched on a bunch of your videos a little bit.

Quaternions like just the mathematics involved or the general relativity just more about surfaces and topology all that stuff.

Well I think as far as like popularized science is concerned people are more interested in theories of everything than they should be like.

Because the problem is whether we're talking about trying to make sense of Weinstein's lectures or Wolfram's project or let's just say like listening to.

Witten talk about string theory whatever proposed path to a theory of everything.

You're not actually going to understand it.

Some physicists will be like.

Do you just not actually going to understand the substance of what they're saying what I think is way way more productive is.

To let yourself get really interested in the phenomena that are still deep but which you have a chance of understanding.

Because the path to getting to like even understanding what questions these theories of everything are trying to answer involves like walking down that.

I mean I was watching a video before I came here about from Steve Mould talking about why sugar polarizes light in a certain way.

So fascinating like really really interesting.

It's not like this novel theory of everything type thing but to understand what's going on there really requires digging in in depth to certain ideas.

And if you let yourself think past what the video tells you about what does circularly polarized light mean and things like that.

It actually would get you to a pretty good appreciation of like two state states and quantum systems.

In a way that just trying to read about like what's the what are the hard parts about resolving quantum field theories with general relativity is never going to get you.

So as far as popularizing science is concerned like.

The audience should be less interested than they are in theories of everything.

The popularizers should be less emphatic than they are about that for like actual practicing physicists.

I might be the case maybe more people should think about fundamental questions but.

It's difficult to create like a three blue one brown video on theory of everything.

So basically we should really try to find the beauty in mathematics or physics by looking at concepts that are like within reach.

Yeah I think that's super important.

I mean so you see this in math too with the big unsolved problems.

So like the clay millennium problems Riemann hypothesis.

Have you ever done a video on Fermat's last year.

No I have not yet.

No but if I did do you know what I would do.

I would talk about proving Fermat's last theorem in the specific case of n equals three.

Is that still accessible though.

Yes actually barely.

Mathologer might be able to do like a great job on this.

He says good job of taking stuff that's barely accessible and making it.

But the the core ideas of proving it for n equals three are hard.

But they do get you real ideas about algebraic number theory.

It involves looking at a number field that's it lives in the complex plane.

It looks like a hexagonal lattice and you start asking questions about factoring numbers in this hexagonal lattice.

So it takes a while but I've talked about this sort of like lattice arithmetic in other contexts.

And you can get to a okay understanding of that.

And the things that make Fermat's last theorem hard are actually quite deep.

And so the cases that we can solve it for it's like you can get these broad sweeps based on some hard but like accessible bits of number theory.

But before you can even understand why the general cases as hard as it is you have to walk through those.

And so any other attempt to describe it would just end up being like shallow and not really productive for the viewer's time.

I think the same goes for most like unsolved problem type things where I think you know as a kid I was actually very inspired by the twin prime conjecture.

That like totally sucked me in is this thing that was understandable I kind of had this dream like oh maybe I'll be the one to prove the twin prime conjecture.

And new method I would learn would be like viewed through this lens of like oh maybe I can apply it to that in some way.

But you sort of mature to a point where you realize that you should spend your brain cycles on problems that you will see resolved.

Because then you're going to grow to see what it feels like for these things to be resolved rather than spending your brain cycles on something where it's not it's not going to pan out.

And the people who do make progress towards these things like James Maynard is a great example here of like young creative mathematician who like pushes in the direction of things like the twin prime conjecture.

Rather than hitting that head on just see all the interesting questions that are hard for similar reasons but become more tractable and let themselves really engage with those.

So I think people should get in that habit I think the popularization of physics should encourage that habit through things like the physics of simple everyday phenomena because it can get quite deep.

And yeah I think you know I've heard a lot of the interest that you know people send me messages asking to explain Einstein's thing or asking to explain Wolfram's thing one I don't understand them but more importantly.

You shouldn't be interested in those right.

The giant sort of ball of interesting ideas there's probably a million of interesting ideas in there that individually could be explored effectively.

And to be clear you should be interested in fundamental questions I think that's a good habit to ask like what the fundamentals of things are.

But I think it takes a lot of steps to like certainly you shouldn't be trying to answer that unless you actually understand quantum field theory and you actually understand general relativity.

That's the cool thing about like your videos people haven't done mathematics.

Like if you really give it time watch it a couple of times and like try to try to reason about it you can actually understand the concept that's being explained.

And it's not a coincidence that the things I'm describing aren't like the most up to date progress on the Riemann hypothesis cousins or like there's context in which the analog of the Riemann hypothesis has been solved in like more discrete feeling finite settings that are more well behaved.

I'm not describing that because it just takes a ton to get there.

And instead I think it'll be like productive to have an actual understanding of something that can you can pack into 20 minutes.

I think that's beautifully put.

Ultimately that's where like the most satisfying thing is when you really understand.

Yeah, really understand.

Build a habit of feeling what it's like to actually come to resolution.

Yeah, as opposed to which it can also be enjoyable but just being in awe of the fact that you don't understand anything.

Yeah, that's not like I don't know maybe people get entertainment out of that.

But it's not as fulfilling as understanding you won't grow.

Yeah.

And but also just the fulfilling it really does feel good when you first don't understand something and then you do.

That's a beautiful feeling.

Let me ask you one last time we got awkward and weird about fear of mortality which you made fun of me of.

But let me ask you on the other absurd question is what do you think is the meaning of our life, of meaning of life?

I'm sorry if I made fun of you about what you said.

No, you didn't.

I'm just joking.

It was great.

I don't think life has a meaning.

I think like meaning, I don't understand the question.

I think meaning is something that's described to stuff that's created with purpose.

There's a meaning to like this water bottle label in that someone created it with a purpose of conveying meaning.

And there was like one consciousness that wanted to get its ideas into another consciousness.

Most things don't have that property.

It's a little bit like if I ask you like what is the height?

All right.

So it's all relative.

Yeah, you'd be like the height of what?

You can't ask what is the height without an object.